eds. There is no frontier anymore, but the grind of modern capitalism is just as stern a forge for fashioning American identity. Which leaves us with the persistent publish or perish culture that discourages high-stakes, time-consuming, logistically demanding, group-oriented research, especially if it is longitudinal. Today, of course, being Irish is a social boundary mostly reduced to the front of Urban Outfitters T-shirts. The many reasons behind minorities pursuit of social change could be broadly recognized as seeking social validation, social control, or social acceptance. van Zomeren, M. (2015). doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.41. This might, over time, lead the employees to reconsider their reluctance to change, leading to the majority overcoming a groupthink mentality and gradually changing its opinion. Since majorities are often unconcerned about what minorities think about them, minority influence is thus rarely based on normative social influence. The leniency contract and persistence of majority and minority influence. Change via conversion tends to weaken a group, at least immediately in its aftermath, as evident in former majoritys (majority minority) dramatic decrease in group attachment and loyalty but former minoritys (minority majority) only mild increase in attachment and loyalty to the group. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 363394. Psychol. eds. 1, 2744. Status, ideology, and integrative complexity on the US Supreme Court: rethinking the politics of decision making. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. (2017). P. van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, and E. T. Higgins (Los Angeles: Sage), 362378. R. M. Sorentino and E. T. Higgins (New York: Guilford Press), 2884. Two lines of research: One on group decision-making, and another on the impact that newcomers to groups make, provide alternative approaches to the study of minority influence.4 Within these lines of research, minority influence is addressed in the context of interacting groups, with minority and majority positions publicly advocated and hence, memberships in minority and majority factions actively experienced. J. Pers. 51, 629636. (1996). Integration or acceptance presumes integration with others into the same category, not giving in to others to join their category (Brewer, 1991). That may be enough to artificially postpone Americas majority minority milestone again and reassure the millions of white Americans who feel threatened by the increasing status and power of todays ethnic minorities. 95, 189225. Prislin, R., and Wood, W. (2005). P. A. van Lange, E. T. Higgins, and A. W. Kruglanski (New York: Guilford Press), 181201. change. J. Pers. 31, 595609. And even if the Census Bureaus categories reinforce the racial boundaries that too often divide American society, these categories are also starting to show signs of their mutability. Psychol. Soc. An earlier analysis of this index has identified 238 unique empirical studies on minority influence published between 1960, when the foundational research on minority influence first appeared, and December 2011 (see Prislin et al., 2017). From marginal to mainstream and vice versa: Leaders valuation of diversity while in the minority versus majority. eds. Their simultaneous activation in simulated interactions ultimately yields a system settled into a pattern of overall convergence in social attitudes but importantly, with some clustering of factions holding minority positions (Latan and Nowak, 1997). reciprocal concessions (door-in-the-face). For example, minorities motivated to be socially validated and those motivated to gain social control are likely to pursue social change seeking converts to their position to transform themselves to a majority (minority majority). Computational modeling and simulations suggest that indirect minority influence yields gradual social change and diversity, whereas cultural drift generates rapid social change and polarization in a society (Jung et al., 2021). doi: 10.1177/0146167202288008, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2002). The effects of this social change on the new majoritys reactions toward the group in which they prevailed were assessed immediately after the change, and one-, two-, three-, four- and five-weeks after the change. In counting the American people, the Census Bureau may distinguish between Black, white, Asian and Hispanic, but it indiscriminately recognizes them all as fellow Americans as people who count and therefore must be counted. Hence, the proposed agenda focuses on time, interactive, and motivated influence as critical explanatory variables to address in the next phase of research on minority influence in the pursuit of social change. In 2015, the Census Bureau published a report projecting that by 2044, the United States white majority would become merely a white plurality: immigration and fertility trends would lead to Americas ethnic and racial minorities outnumbering its white population. Because of the vital role social support plays in sustaining any argued position (Prislin and Wood, 2005), gaining social support by virtue of social change (minority majority) should increase a successful minoritys capacity to continue to advocate their position. In what follows, the importance of these factors is discussed and illustrated by a few initial explorations. Conversion and tolerance are fundamentally distinct paths to social change with different consequences for group dynamics (Prislin et al., 2018). Vol. Aust. Does brainwashing really exist and how has it been used? Eur. The acts of claiming and developing land and defending it against the forces of nature all constituted rites of passage that transformed foreigners into Americans. Crano, W. D., and Chen, X. doi: 10.1080/10463280440000071, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2005b). Soc. Variables which affect the efficacy of minority influence include: Moscovici found that members of a group are more likely to accept the opinion of a minority if the view is expressed with consistency. Nemeth, C. J. Whilst minority influence has led to their internalisation of environmentalist ideas, they reject the notion that the group was responsible for their new recycling routine and maintain a negative view of the minority group. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.88.5.438, Laughlin, P. R., and Ellis, A. L. (1986). Despite his susceptibility to eugenics and racial theories of supremacy, Roosevelt also offers us a way forward. Three concepts: minority, conflict, and behavioral style, in Minority Influence. Similarly, reactions to social influence are typically assessed once at a single point in time. Nemeth, C. J., and Walacher, J. Smith, C. M., and Diven, P. J. The effects of majority size on minority influence. None of the proposed models, however, has been tested empirically outside of computational simulations. F. Butera and J. Levine (New York: Cambridge University Press), 202221. (2011). eds. For example, the exhaustively studied informational influence strategy has been limited to message-based appeals whose goal is to change understanding of an issue through evaluation of message content. Mugny, G., and Prez, J. After the arrival of millions of Irish, the 15th Amendment enfranchised millions of African American men in 1870. Moreover, the informational influence strategy may be combined differently with other strategies (e.g., procedural tools, threats, coalition-building) in service of a particular motive. Hardin, C. D., and Higgins, E. T. (1996). Soc. A study of normative and informational influences upon individual judgment, J. Abnorm. What the Majority Minority Shift Really Means for America, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/opinion/us-census-majority-minority.html, Joseph Prezioso/Agence France-Presse Getty Images. According to reactance theory. Home How do our infant relationships affect those we have as we grow older? While standing firm, minorities must also convey a level of open-mindedness in acknowledging others positions to avoid being perceived as rigid (Papastamou and Mugny, 1985). Received: 02 April 2022; Accepted: 30 May 2022; Published: 23 June 2022. Vol. How have norm-based approaches been used to curb binge drinking on college campuses? doi: 10.1037/h0046408. Indeed, it is part of the social psychology canon as evident by its coverage in nearly all social psychology textbooks, handbooks (e.g., Nemeth, 2012; Butera et al., 2017), and encyclopedias (e.g., Crano, 2010). Lateral attitude change. The field took notice. Issues Policy Rev. 6. What causes us to obey to authority figures such as police, teachers and 2023 Psychologist World. ed. *Correspondence: Radmila Prislin, rprislin@sdsu.edu, New Advances in Social Influence: Theoretical Insights and Methodological Challenges, View all Although they are distinct compliance strategies, the "that's not all" and "door in the face" techniques share a common mechanism. Psychol. But by the time Americas initial majority minority milestone would have been reached, whiteness had been reinterpreted to incorporate the Irish, Italians, Jews and Slavs, such that the milestone was effectively postponed. Self-definition, defensive processing, and influence: The normative impact of majority and minority groups. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Eur. Psychol. 93, 2332. Seeking conversion versus advocating tolerance in pursuit of social change. In a 1969 study, participants were presented with a number of slides, and were asked to identify the color shown in each slide in the company of other participants. Psychol. They consider the argument based on its merits, rather than to complywith group norms. Manage. What can a person's eyes tell you about what they are thinking? Albert Bandura's influential Bobo doll experiments reveal how children imitate TV violence and the behavior of others. Tight cultures differ from loose cultures in that they. 13. ed. doi: 10.2307/20159311, Butera, F., Batruch, A., Autin, F., Mugny, G., Quiamzade, A., and Pulfrey, C. (2021). Majority and minority influence: A single process, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. D. Albarracn, B. T. Johnson, and M. P. Zanna (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum), 671706. Revels in Groups: Dissent, Deviance, Difference, and Defiance. Minority influence is a type of social influence which results in a change ofviews amongstthe majority of members within a group. J. Soc. If so, then prolonged experience in the new majority position should be reassuring, facilitating the new majoritys acceptance of the group as their own. eds. London: Academic Press. 14, 755766. Soc. Caporael, L. R., and Baron, R. M. (1997). Minority influence theory, in Handbook of Theories in Social Psychology. Moscovici, S. (1980). Cultural drift, indirect minority influence, network structure, and their impacts on cultural change and diversity. One of the reasons that minority influence takes hold is because it goes beyond superficial thinking. The reasons for this development are complex. Psychological processes in social action, in APA Handbook of Personality and social Psychology. An example of this would be when a green group promotes responsible behavior,such as recycling, as a way of protecting wildlife. Mugny, G. (1982). ^A complete list of publications on minority influence referenced here is available from the author upon request. How do they shape their influence strategies over time? Provide examples. 1. WebQ#28 minorities influence majority opinion primarily through - The correct answer is b.) J. M. Levine (New York: Psychology Press), 135163. Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A. Arrow, M., McGrath, J. E., and Berdahl, J. I. Latan, B. Rather, it signifies their under-representation in the mainstream (i.e., information-processing) considerations of minority influence. 88, 438453. Majority and minority influence: Source position imbalance as a determinant of message scrutiny.
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