Mary returned to Edinburgh the following month to raise more troops. Barely a month after the marriage, rebel nobles and their forces met Marys troops at Carberry Hill, 8 miles south-east of Edinburgh. [121] On the night of 910 February 1567, Mary visited her husband in the early evening and then attended the wedding celebrations of a member of her household, Bastian Pagez. Mary was 5 when she first met the four-year-old Dauphin, her betrothed husband. [236] Her body was embalmed and left in a secure lead coffin until her burial in a Protestant service at Peterborough Cathedral in late July 1587. A post-mortem revealed internal injuries, thought to have been caused by the explosion. This fear-driven logic even extended to the queens potential offspring: As she once told Marys advisor William Maitland, Princes cannot like their own children. As a Protestant, she faced threats from Englands Catholic faction, which favored a rival claim to the thronethat of Mary, the Catholic Queen of Scotsover hers. Darnley was murdered a few months after they were married, and Mary later married James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. His death occurred soon after an unsuccessful rebellion in the North of England, led by Catholic earls, which persuaded Elizabeth that Mary was a threat. The untimely death of Francis in 5 December 1560 changed Marys future and meant she would return to Scotland to claim her throne, leaving Franciss ten-year-old brother Charles to inherit his brothers title of king. Margaret Tudor, (born November 29, 1489, Londondied October 18, 1541, Methven, Perth, Scotland), wife of King James IV of Scotland, mother of James V, and elder daughter of King Henry VII of England. Her first husband was Francis II of France, who she married when she was just fifteen years old. [191], In May 1569, Elizabeth attempted to mediate the restoration of Mary in return for guarantees of the Protestant religion, but a convention held at Perth rejected the deal overwhelmingly. Some historians argue that they were forgeries concocted in order to discredit Queen Mary and ensure that Queen . [18] Cardinal Beaton rose to power again and began to push a pro-Catholic pro-French agenda, angering Henry, who wanted to break the Scottish alliance with France. [181] Elizabeth considered Mary's designs on the English throne to be a serious threat and so confined her to Shrewsbury's properties, including Tutbury, Sheffield Castle, Sheffield Manor Lodge, Wingfield Manor, and Chatsworth House,[182] all located in the interior of England, halfway between Scotland and London and distant from the sea. Catholics considered the marriage unlawful, since they did not recognise Bothwell's divorce or the validity of the Protestant service. The only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, Mary was six days old when her father died and she inherited the throne. [24] The Treaty of Greenwich was rejected by the Parliament of Scotland in December. [197] Plots centred on Mary continued. Its unsurprising that the tale of these two queens resonates with audiences some 400 years after the main players lived. He had a violent temper and, despite his differences from Darnley, shared the deceased kings proclivity for power. Mary married a total of three times. When her uncle, the Cardinal of Lorraine, began negotiations with Archduke Charles of Austria without her consent, she angrily objected and the negotiations foundered. From the beginning of her reign, Elizabeth was keenly aware of her tenuous hold on the crown. At the same time, she prevented herself from producing an heir, effectively ending the Tudor dynasty after just three generations. Mary, Queen of Scots became Queen of Scotland at six days old. [196] To discredit Mary, the casket letters were published in London. At the same time, shes quick to point out that the portrayal of Mary and Elizabeth as polar oppositesCatholic versus Protestant, adulterer versus Virgin Queen, beautiful tragic heroine versus smallpox-scarred hagis problematic in and of itself. [97] In what became known as the Chaseabout Raid, Mary with her forces and Moray with the rebellious lords roamed around Scotland without ever engaging in direct combat. Bothwells noble friends had previously pressed her to marry him and he, too, had told her she needed a strong husband who could help unify the nobles behind her. [241] After the accession of James I in England, historian William Camden wrote an officially sanctioned biography that drew from original documents. But Mary had more agency than history gives her credit for: beneath the soft exterior lay a steely determination to rule, as was her God-given right. From the beginning, her life was mired in struggle as she grappled with the demands of the Scottish throne and the deaths of several husbands. There are incomplete printed transcriptions in English, Scots, French, and Latin from the 1570s. Mary Queen of Scots picks up in 1561 with the eponymous queen's return to her native country. [61] Her mother-in-law, Catherine de' Medici, became regent for the late king's ten-year-old brother Charles IX, who inherited the French throne. [246], Historian Jenny Wormald concluded that Mary was a tragic failure, who was unable to cope with the demands placed on her,[247] but hers was a rare dissenting view in a post-Fraser tradition that Mary was a pawn in the hands of scheming noblemen. [216], Elizabeth asked Paulet, Mary's final custodian, if he would contrive a clandestine way to "shorten the life" of Mary, which he refused to do on the grounds that he would not make "a shipwreck of my conscience, or leave so great a blot on my poor posterity". This decision proved to be disastrous, since Mary was soon a prisoner of the queen and would spend the next nineteen years as Elizabeths prisoner, before she was executed for plotting against the queen on 8 February 1587 at Fotheringay Castle. 1559 - 1560. Darnley shared a more recent Stewart lineage with the Hamilton family as a descendant of Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran, a daughter of James II of Scotland. [162] Other documents scrutinised included Bothwell's divorce from Jean Gordon. [118] At the start of the journey, he was afflicted by a feverpossibly smallpox, syphilis or the result of poison. After spending the night at Dundrennan Abbey, she crossed the Solway Firth into England by fishing boat on 16 May. [6] She was the great-granddaughter of King Henry VII of England through her paternal grandmother, Margaret Tudor. [80] The proposal came to nothing, not least because the intended bridegroom was unwilling. The daughter of King Henry VIII and the Spanish princess Catherine . (Francis younger brother, Charles IX, became king of France at just 10 years old with his mother, Catherine de Medici, acting as regent. [223], The executioner Bull and his assistant knelt before her and asked forgiveness, as it was typical for the executioner to request the pardon of the one being put to death. Relations between Mary and Elizabeth had soured following the Scottish queens union with Darnley, which the English queen viewed as a threat to her throne. [248] There is no concrete proof of her complicity in Darnley's murder or of a conspiracy with Bothwell. [47][48], In November 1558, Henry VIII's elder daughter, Mary I of England, was succeeded by her only surviving sibling, Elizabeth I. [119], In late January 1567, Mary prompted her husband to return to Edinburgh. [126] Elizabeth wrote to Mary of the rumours: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, I should ill fulfil the office of a faithful cousin or an affectionate friend if I did not tell you what all the world is thinking. She was concerned that the killing of a queen set a discreditable precedent and was fearful of the consequences, especially if, in retaliation, Mary's son, James, formed an alliance with the Catholic powers and invaded England. [146] On 18 May, local officials took her into protective custody at Carlisle Castle. Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart, Catholic Queen, Protestant Patriarchy: Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Politics of Gender and Religion, Five Places Where You Can Still Find Gold in the United States, Scientists Taught Pet Parrots to Video Call Each Otherand the Birds Loved It, The True Story of the Koh-i-Noor Diamondand Why the British Won't Give It Back. Aged five Mary Queen of Scots was sent to France by her mother Marie of Guise because she was contracted to marry Francis (Francois), the eldest son of King Henri II of France and Catherine de Medici. [206] In a successful attempt to entrap her, Walsingham had deliberately arranged for Mary's letters to be smuggled out of Chartley. [130], Between 21 and 23 April 1567, Mary visited her son at Stirling for the last time. On 14 December, six days after her birth, she became Queen of Scotland when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss[7] or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign. As John Guy writes in Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart (which serves as the source text for Rourkes film), Mary is alternately envisioned as the innocent victim of mens political machinations and a fatally flawed femme fatale who ruled from the heart and not the head. Kristen Post Walton, a professor at Salisbury University and the author of Catholic Queen, Protestant Patriarchy: Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Politics of Gender and Religion, argues that dramatizations of Marys life tend to downplay her agency and treat her life like a soap opera. Meanwhile, Elizabeth is often viewed through a romanticized lens that draws on hindsight to discount the displeasure many of her subjects felt toward their queen, particularly during the later stages of her reign. Under the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh, signed by Mary's representatives on 6 July 1560, France and England undertook to withdraw troops from Scotland. [29], King Henry II of France proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three-year-old son, the Dauphin Francis. Her husband, Francois II, King of France had died unexpectedly, and . Meilan Solly is Smithsonian magazine's associate digital editor, history. The council was dominated by the Protestant leaders from the reformation crisis of 15591560: the Earls of Argyll, Glencairn, and Moray. He was released nineteen months later, after Cecil and Walsingham interceded on his behalf. The portraits were made by an unknown artist in around 1565, at the time of their marriage. [8], A popular tale, first recorded by John Knox, states that James, upon hearing on his deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter, ruefully exclaimed, "It cam wi' a lass and it will gang wi' a lass! Under the Third Succession Act, passed in 1543 by the Parliament of England, Elizabeth was recognised as her sister's heir, and Henry VIII's last will and testament had excluded the Stuarts from succeeding to the English throne. Visitors can still see the small room where this monarch was born. [72] In this, she was acknowledging her lack of effective military power in the face of the Protestant lords, while also following a policy that strengthened her links with England. In doing so, the English queen avoided falling under a mans dominionand maintained the possibility of a marriage treaty as a bargaining chip. Through his parents, he had claims to both the Scottish and English thrones, and from his marriage in 1565 he was king consort of Scotland. Francis and Mary were well known to each other at the time of their nuptials, since Mary had been brought up in the French royal court, following the death of her father King James V of Scotland when she was just five days old. Mary, Queen of Scots, towered over her contemporaries in more ways than one. GB 638 3492 15, Copyright 2023 Warners Group Publications Plc. [14] Arran, with the support of his friends and relations, became the regent until 1554 when Mary's mother managed to remove and succeed him. He had 600 men with him and asked to escort Mary to his castle at Dunbar; he told her she was in danger if she went to Edinburgh. [208], Mary was moved to Fotheringhay Castle in a four-day journey ending on 25 September. Marys promiscuous reputation was largely invented by her adversaries, while Elizabeths reign was filled with rumors of her purported romances. 2572212 | VAT registration No. Elizabeth refused to name a potential heir, fearing that would invite conspiracy to displace her with the nominated successor. Mary's father, James V, King of Scotland died on 14 December 1542 following the Battle of Solway Moss. [42] At some point in her infancy or childhood, she caught smallpox, but it did not mark her features. [177], On 26 January 1569, Mary was moved to Tutbury Castle[180] and placed in the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury and his formidable wife Bess of Hardwick. Facts about the execution of Mary Queen of Scots. [231] Items supposedly worn or carried by Mary at her execution are of doubtful provenance;[232] contemporary accounts state that all her clothing, the block, and everything touched by her blood was burnt in the fireplace of the Great Hall to obstruct relic hunters. [75] In late 1561 and early 1562, arrangements were made for the two queens to meet in England at York or Nottingham in August or September 1562. Her Marys returned with her as ladies-in-waiting. Mary, Queen of Scots was queen of France and Scotland. [175] For overriding political reasons, Elizabeth wished neither to convict nor to acquit Mary of murder. Which is precisely what happened. Link will appear as Hanson, Marilee. [109] The ride was later used as evidence by Mary's enemies that the two were lovers, though no suspicions were voiced at the time and Mary had been accompanied by her councillors and guards. They were always attended to by a retinue of servants and, even then, Mary had developed a fondness for animals, especially dogs, which was to continue throughout her life. [16][17] The treaty provided that the two countries would remain legally separate and, if the couple should fail to have children, the temporary union would dissolve. Aged 22, Mary described her 19-year-old groom as the lustiest and best proportioned long man that she had seen.. Despite being married three times, there are relatively few portraits of Mary with her husbands. As a great-granddaughter of Henry VII of England, Mary had once claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many English Catholics, including participants in a rebellion known as the Rising of the North. The original letter is in French, this translation is from. "[213] She protested that she had been denied the opportunity to review the evidence, that her papers had been removed from her, that she was denied access to legal counsel and that as a foreign anointed queen she had never been an English subject and thus could not be convicted of treason. Mary married Francis in Notre Dame de Paris. Darnley was found dead in the garden, apparently smothered. He was ultimately found with Henry VII. All too frequently, representations of Mary and Elizabeth reduce the queens to oversimplified stereotypes. Marys blood claim was worrying enough, but acknowledging it by naming her as the heir presumptive would leave Elizabeth vulnerable to coups organized by Englands Catholic faction. But he never seemed to care for Mary and sought far more power than she was willing to give him. The early years of her personal rule were marked by pragmatism, tolerance, and moderation. Instead, Elizabeth placed Maryan anointed monarch over whom she had no real jurisdictionunder de facto house arrest, consigning her to 18 years of imprisonment under what can only be described as legally grey circumstances. [229] Cecil's nephew, who was present at the execution, reported to his uncle that after her death, "Her lips stirred up and down a quarter of an hour after her head was cut off" and that a small dog owned by the queen emerged from hiding among her skirts[230]though eye-witness Emanuel Tomascon does not include those details in his "exhaustive report".
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