I When power is transferred in the "reverse" direction, it acts much like a boost converter. {\displaystyle -V_{\text{o}}t_{\text{off}}} Features such as a power-good flag and precision enable provide both flexible and easy-to-use solutions for a wide range of applications. The onset of shoot-through generates severe power loss and heat. is equal to the ratio between For N-MOSFETs, the high-side switch must be driven to a higher voltage than Vi. Higher switching frequency can also raise EMI concerns. Therefore, the energy in the inductor is the same at the beginning and at the end of the cycle (in the case of discontinuous mode, it is zero). L During this dormant state, the device stops switching and consumes only 44 A of the input. I The figure shown is an idealized version of a buck converter topology and two basic modes of operation, continuous and discontinuous modes. Use the equations in this paragraph. {\displaystyle t=T} Figure 1: Synchronous buck DC/DC converter {\displaystyle I_{\text{o}}} Rearrange by clicking & dragging. T The simplified analysis above, does not account for non-idealities of the circuit components nor does it account for the required control circuitry. This is the image preview of the following page: Diodes Incorporated AP64200Q Automotive Synchronous Buck Converter fully integrates a 150m high-side power MOSFET and an 80m low-side power MOSFET to provide high-efficiency step-down DC-DC conversion. during the off-state. t 3, The efficiency of the converter can be improved using synchronous version and resonant derivatives. Observe VDS at the VGS and IDS which most closely match what is expected in the buck converter. off Power losses due to the control circuitry are usually insignificant when compared with the losses in the power devices (switches, diodes, inductors, etc.) When the switch is opened again (off-state), the voltage source will be removed from the circuit, and the current will decrease. I V Provided that the inductor current reaches zero, the buck converter operates in Discontinuous Inductor Current mode. This load splitting allows the heat losses on each of the switches to be spread across a larger area. ) Scroll to continue with content. Synchronous buck controller for computing and telecom designs The NCP1034DR2G from ON Semiconductor is a high voltage PWM controller designed for high performance synchronous buck DC/DC applications with input voltages up to 100 volts. A higher switching frequency allows for use of smaller inductors and capacitors, but also increases lost efficiency to more frequent transistor switching. and This technique is considered lossless because it relies on resistive losses inherent in the buck converter topology. By integrating Idt (= dQ; as I = dQ/dt, C = Q/V so dV = dQ/C) under the output current waveform through writing output ripple voltage as dV = Idt/C we integrate the area above the axis to get the peak-to-peak ripple voltage as: V = I T/8C (where I is the peak-to-peak ripple current and T is the time period of ripple. Basics of a Synchronous Buck Converter. {\displaystyle {\overline {I_{\text{L}}}}} A), 3 tips when designing a power stage for servo and AC drives, Achieving CISPR-22 EMI Standards With HotRod Buck Designs (Rev. {\displaystyle V_{\text{o}}\leq V_{\text{i}}} The conceptual model of the buck converter is best understood in terms of the relation between current and voltage of the inductor. Typically, by using a synchronous solution, the converter is forced to run in Continuous Inductor Current mode no matter the load at the output. t What is a synchronous buck converter, you may ask? {\displaystyle V_{\text{i}}-V_{\text{o}}} Switch-node ringing in buck: Mechanism The switch-node ringing happens in a buck converter when the high-side switch, QH1, turns on. It drives the gate of the low side FET and is powered from the Vdd pin. An improved technique for preventing this condition is known as adaptive "non-overlap" protection, in which the voltage at the switch node (the point where S1, S2 and L are joined) is sensed to determine its state. This example used an output voltage range of 6V - 19V and an output current of 50mA maximum. In buck converters, this circuit is used when the high-side switch is the N-ch MOSFET. Examining a typical buck converter reveals how device requirements vary significantly depending on circuit position ( Figure 1 ). Then, the switch losses will be more like: When a MOSFET is used for the lower switch, additional losses may occur during the time between the turn-off of the high-side switch and the turn-on of the low-side switch, when the body diode of the low-side MOSFET conducts the output current. Therefore, systems designed for low duty cycle operation will suffer from higher losses in the freewheeling diode or lower switch, and for such systems it is advantageous to consider a synchronous buck converter design. Finally, the current can be measured at the input. o In some cases, the amount of energy required by the load is too small. BD9E202FP4-Z is a current mode control DCDC converter and features good transient . For a Buck DC-DC converter we will calculate the required inductor and output capacitor specifications. STMicroelectronics is has chosen an isolated buck converter topology for a 10W dc-dc converter that provides a regulated local primary power rail, plus a moderately regulated isolated secondary power rail. PFM at low current). A buck converter or step-down converter is a DC-to-DC converter which steps down voltage (while stepping up current) from its input (supply) to its output (load). 2). (conduction) losses in the wires or PCB traces, as well as in the switches and inductor, as in any electrical circuit. In other words it's a voltage waveform generator and, a simple LC low pass filter then behaves as an averager: - Fig. L o This is important from a control point of view. 1 shows a typical buck converter circuit when switching element Q1is ON. The driver can thus adjust to many types of switches without the excessive power loss this flexibility would cause with a fixed non-overlap time. Current can be measured "losslessly" by sensing the voltage across the inductor or the lower switch (when it is turned on). A synchronous buck converter supplies a regulated voltage that is lower or the same as input voltage and can minimize power loss by delivering high currents. [2] Its name derives from the inductor that bucks or opposes the supply voltage.[3]. In both cases, power loss is strongly dependent on the duty cycle, D. Power loss on the freewheeling diode or lower switch will be proportional to its on-time. {\displaystyle I_{\text{L}}} The LMR33630 evaluation module (EVM) is a fully assembled and tested circuit for evaluating the LMR33630C 2.1MHz synchronous step-down converter. When a diode is used exclusively for the lower switch, diode forward turn-on time can reduce efficiency and lead to voltage overshoot. Inductors are an essential component of switching voltage regulators and synchronous buck converters, as shown in Figure 1. Step-Down (Buck) Regulators Analog Devices manufactures a broad line of high performance, step-down buck switching regulator ICs and buck switching controller ICs with both synchronous and nonsynchronous switches. V , it cannot be more than 1. = 370. The timing information for the lower and upper MOSFETs is provided by a pulse-width modulation (PWM) controller. The converter uses a 3 pole, 2 zero compensator with all compensator values calculated in the F11 window. The stored energy in the inductor's magnetic field supports the current flow through the load. This full-featured, design and simulation suite uses an analog analysis engine from Cadence. is proportional to the area of the yellow surface, and The LMR33630 provides exceptional efficiency and accuracy in a very small solution size. i Here is a LM5109B as an example: The low-side driver is a simple buffer with high current output. Role of the bootstrap circuit in the buck converter The configuration of the circuit in proximity to a buck converter depends on the polarity of the high-side switch. The model can be used to size the inductance L and smoothing capacitor C, as well as to design the feedback controller. 1. This topology improves the low efficiency of the classic buck converter at high currents and low-output voltages. Another advantage of the synchronous converter is that it is bi-directional, which lends itself to applications requiring regenerative braking. The RTQ2102A and RTQ2102B are 1.5A, high-efficiency, Advanced Constant-On-Time (ACOT ) synchronous step-down converters. A buck converter is a specific type of switching regulator that steps down the input voltage to a lower level output. A rough analysis can be made by first calculating the values Vsw and Vsw,sync using the ideal duty cycle equation. A), Buck Converter Quick Reference Guide (Rev. for the yellow rectangle and One major challenge inherent in the multiphase converter is ensuring the load current is balanced evenly across the n phases. on on but this does not take into account the parasitic capacitance of the MOSFET which makes the Miller plate. Cancel Save Changes SupportLogout Edit Shortcuts Select which shortcuts you want on your dashboard. To generate the power supplies the design uses DC/DC converters with an integrated FET, a power module with an (), This reference design showcases a method to generate power supplies required in a servo or AC drive including the analog and digtal I/O interfaces, encoder supply, isolated transceivers and digital processing block. No results found. Once the output load increases, the converter transitions to normal PWM operation. B), Step-Dwn (Buck) Convrtr Pwer Solutions for Programmable Logic Controller Systems (Rev. In a complete real-world buck converter, there is also a command circuit to regulate the output voltage or the inductor current. The voltage drop across the diode when forward biased is zero, No commutation losses in the switch nor in the diode, This page was last edited on 25 April 2023, at 07:21. It is useful to begin by calculating the duty cycle for a non-ideal buck converter, which is: The voltage drops described above are all static power losses which are dependent primarily on DC current, and can therefore be easily calculated. The easiest solution is to use an integrated driver with high-side and low-side outputs. off L Once again, please see talk tab for more: pertaining output ripple voltage and AoE (Art of Electronics 3rd edition). Many MOSFET based buck converters also include a diode to aid the lower MOSFET body diode with conduction during the non-overlap time. This time, known as the non-overlap time, prevents "shoot-through", a condition in which both switches are simultaneously turned on. fixed frequency and high current) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM, e.g. Typical CPU power supplies found on mainstream motherboards use 3 or 4 phases, while high-end systems can have 16 or more phases. Consider the synchronous buck converter shown below, which is one of the main use cases of the SiZF300DT: Conduction losses of a MOSFET. The basic operation of the buck converter has the current in an inductor controlled by two switches (fig. This circuit is typically used with the synchronous buck topology, described above. The key component of a . Using state-space averaging technique, duty to output voltage transfer function is derived. The main advantage of a synchronous rectifier is that the voltage drop across the low-side MOSFET can be lower than the voltage drop across the power diode of the nonsynchronous converter. Figure 2: The buck power stage with parasitic components shown in red and external components shown in green. and the period to the area of the orange surface, as these surfaces are defined by the inductor voltage (red lines). The majority of power losses in a typical synchronous buck converter (Figure 1) occur in the following components: High-Side MOSFET MedOESTSiFLw-o the current at the limit between continuous and discontinuous mode is: Therefore, the locus of the limit between continuous and discontinuous modes is given by: These expressions have been plotted in figure 6. For MOSFET switches, these losses are dominated by the energy required to charge and discharge the capacitance of the MOSFET gate between the threshold voltage and the selected gate voltage. I FIGURE 1: Classic . To achieve this, MOSFET gate drivers typically feed the MOSFET output voltage back into the gate driver. . So, for example, stepping 12V down to 3V (output voltage equal to one quarter of the input voltage) would require a duty cycle of 25%, in this theoretically ideal circuit. In figure 4, Switching frequency selection is typically determined based on efficiency requirements, which tends to decrease at higher operating frequencies, as described below in Effects of non-ideality on the efficiency. A gallium nitride power transistor is used as an upper side transistor switch, and a PMOS power transistor is used as a lower side transistor switch in the p-GaN transistor switch module. In this case, the current through the inductor falls to zero during part of the period. These losses include turn-on and turn-off switching losses and switch transition losses. The synchronous buck converter is a closed-loop topology as the output voltage is compared firstly with a reference voltage, producing an error signal; this voltage is then compared to a sawtooth signal, at the desired switching frequency (fsw) (integrated in the control unit) to switch the power MOSFETs on and off. The higher voltage drop on the low side switch is then of benefit, helping to reduce current output and meet the new load requirement sooner. When in this mode, compared to the traditional Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM), the MCP16311 increases the output voltage just up to the point after which it enters a Sleep mode. The "increase" in average current makes up for the reduction in voltage, and ideally preserves the power provided to the load. off The advantages of the synchronous buck converter do not come without cost. F), Documentation available to aid functional safety system design, Working with Inverting Buck-Boost Converters (Rev. Figure 2 shows the waveforms of the voltage of a switch node and the current waveform of the inductor. Synchronous, 100V NCP1034 Description The NCP1034 is a high voltage PWM controller designed for highperformance synchronous Buck DC/DC applications with inputvoltages up to 100 V. The NCP1034 drives a pair of externalNMOSFETs. This, in turn, causes losses at low loads as the output is being discharged. i Protection features include thermal shutdown, input undervoltage lockout, cycle-by-cycle current limit, and hiccup short-circuit protection. Output voltage ripple is the name given to the phenomenon where the output voltage rises during the On-state and falls during the Off-state. With the selected components, we will calculate the system efficiency and then compare this asynchronous design to a synchronous buck converter. A), LMR33630B Inverting and Non-Inverting PSpice Transient Model, LMR33630B Unencrypted PSpice Inverting and Non-Inverting Transient Model, LMR33630C Unencrypted PSpice Inverting and Non-Inverting Transient Model (Rev. [1] The efficiency of buck converters can be very high, often over 90%, making them useful for tasks such as converting a computer's main supply voltage, which is usually 12V, down to lower voltages needed by USB, DRAM and the CPU, which are usually 5, 3.3 or 1.8V. Buck converters typically contain at least two semiconductors (a diode and a transistor, although modern buck converters frequently replace the diode with a second transistor used for synchronous rectification) and at least one energy storage element (a capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination). If the diode is being implemented by a synchronous rectifier switch (e.g. Basics of a synchronous Buck converter. This current, flowing while the input voltage source is disconnected, when appended to the current flowing during on-state, totals to current greater than the average input current (being zero during off-state). If the switch is closed again before the inductor fully discharges (on-state), the voltage at the load will always be greater than zero. This approximation is acceptable because the MOSFET is in the linear state, with a relatively constant drain-source resistance. ) is constant, as we consider that the output capacitor is large enough to maintain a constant voltage across its terminals during a commutation cycle. This is particularly useful in applications where the impedances are dynamically changing. = The LMR33630 is available in an 8-pin HSOIC package and in a 12-pin 3 mm 2 mm next generation VQFN package with wettable flanks. A complete design for a buck converter includes a tradeoff analysis of the various power losses. I SIMPLIS Buck Converter w Soft Saturation: This fixed frequency synchronous buck converter uses a non-linear inductor to model the soft saturation of the . Static power losses include {\displaystyle t=0} Generally, buck converters that cover a wide range of input and output voltages are ideal for this type of application. To reduce voltage ripple, filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are normally added to such a converter's output (load-side filter) and input (supply-side filter). V Asynchronous buck converter produces a regulated voltagethat is lower than its input voltage, and can deliver highcurrents while minimizing power loss. ( There are two main phenomena impacting the efficiency: conduction losses and switching losses. This device is also available in an AEC-Q100-qualified version. It is a class of switched-mode power supply. This circuit topology is used in computer motherboards to convert the 12VDC power supply to a lower voltage (around 1V), suitable for the CPU. 3. "The device operates in forced PWM control, allowing negative currents to flow in the synchronous mosfet, hence transferring energy to . For more accurate calculations, MOSFET datasheets contain graphs on the VDS and IDS relationship at multiple VGS values. Operation waveforms with delays. on As the duty cycle Available at no cost, PSpice for TI includes one of the largest model libraries in the (), This reference design provides acompact system design capable of supporting motoracceleration and deceleration up to 200 kRPM/s,which is a key requirement in many respiratorapplications. I The duty cycle equation is somewhat recursive. Therefore, it can be seen that the energy stored in L increases during on-time as In the On-state the current is the difference between the switch current (or source current) and the load current. A synchronous buck converter has no problem because it has two low impedance states in the push-pull output - it is either switch hard to the incoming supply voltage or switched hard to 0V. That means that ILmax is equal to: Substituting the value of ILmax in the previous equation leads to: And substituting by the expression given above yields: It can be seen that the output voltage of a buck converter operating in discontinuous mode is much more complicated than its counterpart of the continuous mode. This approximation is only valid at relatively low VDS values. Figure 1. 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(MLA), Overview of a typical Graphics Application's Software, Run Linux on Windows or Mac with a Virtual Machine, Flash a Bootable SD Card for the SAMA5D27-SOM1-EK1, Example: Switch Operation on a Local Network, Example: Simplified Local Network TCP/IP Communication, Example: Use Sockets to Create a TCP Connection, Local Network Server Obstacles and Solutions, Developing USB Applications with Microchip, Android BLE Development For BM70 / RN4870, Discovering BLE Device Services and Characteristics, Connecting a SAMR34 LoRaWAN End-Device to a LoRaWAN Network Server, Range Test Comparison between WLR089U module and SAMR34 chip-down XPRO, Provisioning LoRa End Device to Network Servers, Provisioning LoRaWAN Gateway to Network Servers, MPLAB Code Configurator Support Summary, PIC16F18446 Curiosity Nano and QT7 Touch Board, PIC18F57Q43 Curiosity Nano and QT8 Touch Board, Visualize Touch Data using Data Visualizer, Configure Surface and Gesture MH3 Touch Project, Creating a Driven Shield Project with MHC, Introduction to QTouch Project Creation, Generate QTouch Surface & Gesture Project, Import Touch Project into IAR Embedded Workbench, Visualize Touch Debug Data using Data Visualizer, Guide to Configure Clock in Touch Project, Guide for Timer based Driven Shield on SAM Devices, Guide to Connect to Touch Surface Utility, Guide to Install Touch Sensor Plugin in Altium Designer, Guide to Use Touch Sensor Plugin in Altium Designer, Visualize Touch Data Using MPLAB Data Visualizer, Touchscreen Interface with maXTouch Studio Lite, MGC3130 - E-Field Based 3D Tracking and Gesture Controller, Introduction to QTouch Peripheral Touch Controller (PTC), Analyze Touch Data Using QTouch Analyzer, Adjusting the Detect Threshold of a QTouch Sensor, Changing the Detect Hysteresis of a QTouch Sensor, Overmodulation of a 3-phase FOC controlled Motor, MCP19111 Digitally Enhanced Power Converter, SMPS Design with the CIP Hybrid Power Starter Kit, Non-Synchronous Buck Converter Application, MCP16331 Step-Down (buck) DC-DC Converter, Buck Converter Design Analyzer Introduction, MCP16311/2 Design Analyzer Design Example, Buck Power Supply Graphical User Interface Introduction, Buck Power Supply GUI Hardware & Software Requirements, Digital Compensator Design Tool Introduction, Digital Compensator Design Tool Getting Started, Digital Compensator Design Tool Single Loop System, Digital Compensator Design Tool Peak Current Mode Control, Family Datasheets and Reference Manual Documents, Measurement of Temperature Related Quantities, Using the ML Partners Plugin with Edge Impulse, Using the ML Partners Plugin with SensiML, Integrating the Edge Impulse Inferencing SDK, Installing the Trust Platform Design Suite v2, Installing the Trust Platform Design Suite v1, Asymmetric Authentication - Use Case Example, Symmetric Authentication - Use Case Example, Symmetric Authentication with Non-Secure MCU - Use Case Example, Secure Firmware Download - Use Case Example, Timer 1 Interrupt Using Function Pointers, Using an MCC Generated Interrupt Callback Function, EMG Signal Processing For Embedded Applications, Push-Up Counter Bluetooth Application Using EMG Signals, Controlling a Motorized Prosthetic Arm Using EMG Signals, Health Monitoring and Tracking System Using GSM/GPS, Digital I/O Project on AVR Xplained 328PB, Required Materials for PIC24F Example Projects, SAM D21 DFLL48M 48 MHz Initialization Example, SAM D21 SERCOM IC Slave Example Project, SAM D21 SERCOM SPI Master Example Project, An Overview of 32-bit SAM Microprocessor Development, MPLAB X IDE Support for 32-bit SAM Microprocessors, Debug an Application in SAM MPU DDRAM/SDRAM, Standalone Project for SAM MPU Applications, Debug an Application in SAM MPU QSPI Memory - Simple, Debug an Application in SAM MPU QSPI Memory - Complex, Using MPLAB Harmony v3 Projects with SAM MPUs, Microcontroller Design Recommendations for 8-bit Devices, TMR0 Example Using MPLAB Code Configurator, TMR2 Example Using MPLAB Code Configurator, TMR4 Interrupt Example Using Callback Function, Analog-to-Digital Converter with Computation, Demonstrating 8-bit PIC MCU Direct Memory Access (DMA), Step 2: Create and Setup MPLAB X IDE Project for MCU1, Step 3: Configure MCU1 Resources with MCC, Step 5: Create and Setup MPLAB X IDE Project for MCU2, Step 6: Configure MCU2 Resources with MCC, ADC Setup for Internal Temperature Sensor, Introduction and Key Training Application, Finding Documentation and Turning on an LED, Updating PWM Duty Cycle Using a Millisecond Timer, Seeing PWM Waveforms on the Data Visualizer, Using Hardware Fast PWM Mode and Testing with Data Visualizer, Switching Between Programming and Power Options with Xplained Mini, Using the USART to Loopback From a Serial Terminal, Using an App Note to Implement IRQ-based USART Communications, Splitting Functions Into USART.h and .c Files, Using AVR MCU Libc's stdio to Send Formatted Strings, Updating PWM Duty Cycle from ADC Sensor Reading, Better Coding Practice for USART Send Using a Sendflag, Understanding USART TX Pin Activity Using the Data Visualizer, picoPower and Putting an Application to Sleep, Exporting Slave Information from the Master, Reading Flash Memory with Program Space Visibility (PSV), Adding SD Flash Memory Card Functionality Using MPLAB Code Configurator, Step 2: Download Example Code and Setup MCC, Step 4: Configure File System (FatFs) and SD/MMC Card Libraries, DFLL48M 48 MHz Initialization Example (GCC), 32KHz Oscillators Controller (OSC32KCTRL), Nested Vector Interrupt Controller (NVIC), Create Project with Default Configuration, Differences Between MCU and MPU Development, SAM-BA Host to Monitor Serial Communications, Analog Signal Conditioning: Circuit & Firmware Concerns, Introduction to Instrumentation Amplifiers, Instrumentation Amplifier: Analog Sensor Conditioning, Introduction to Operational Amplifiers: Comparators, Signal-to-Noise Ratio plus Distortion (SINAD), Total Harmonic Distortion and Noise (THD+N), MCP37D31-200 16-bit Piplelined ADC - Microchip, MCP4728 Quad Channel 12 bit Voltage Output DAC, MCP9600 Thermocouple EMF to Temperature Converter, MCP9601 Thermocouple EMF to Temperature Converter ICs, Remote Thermal Sensing Diode Selection Guide, Single Channel Digital Temperature Sensor, Step 4: Application-Specific Configuration, Step 5: Configure PAC193x Sample Application, Step 5: Include C Directories, Build and Program, Utility Metering Development Systems - Microchip, Utility Metering Reference Designs- Microchip, Energy Management Utility Software Introduction, Get Started with Energy Management Utility Software, How to Use Energy Management Utility Software, Energy Management Utility Software Chart Features, Troubleshooting Energy Management Utility Software, Digital Potentiometers Applications - Low Voltage, Static Configuration (UI Configuration Tool), Transparent UART Demo (Auto Pattern Tool), Integrating Microchip RTG4 Board with MathWorks FIL Workflow, Using maxView to configure and manage an Adaptec RAID or HBA, MCP16311/2 30V Input, 1A Output, High-Efficiency, Integrated Synchronous Switch Step-Down Regulator, MCP16311/2 Synchronous Buck Converter Evaluation Board, Data Monitor and Control Interface (DMCI), RTDM Applications Programming Interface (API), SAM E54 Event System with RTC, ADC, USART and DMA, MPLAB Device Blocks for Simulink Library content, USB Power Delivery Software Framework Evaluation Kit User's Guide, SecureIoT1702 Development Board User's Guide, Emulation Headers & Emulation Extension Paks, Optional Debug Header List - PIC12/16 Devices, Optional Debug Header List - PIC18 Devices, Optional Debug Header List - PIC24 Devices, 8-Bit Device Limitations - PIC10F/12F/16F, Multi-File Projects and Storage Class Specifiers, Create a new MPLAB Harmony v3 project using MCC [Detailed], Update and configure an existing MHC based MPLAB Harmony v3 project to MCC based project, Getting Started with Harmony v3 Peripheral Libraries, Peripheral Libraries with Low Power on SAM L10, Low Power Application with Harmony v3 Peripheral Libraries, Low Power Application with Harmony v3 using Peripheral Libraries, Drivers and System Services on SAM E70/S70/V70/V71, Drivers and FreeRTOS on SAM E70/S70/V70/V71, Drivers, Middleware and FreeRTOS on PIC32 MZ EF, Digit Recognition AI/ML Application on SAM E51, SD Card Audio Player/Reader Tutorial on PIC32 MZ EF, Arm TrustZone Getting Started Application on SAM L11 MCUs, Migrating ASF on SAM C21 to MPLAB Harmony on PIC32CM MC, Bluetooth Enabled Smart Appliance Control on PIC32CM MC, Part 2 - Add Application Code & Build the Application, Part 1 - Configure SDSPI Driver, File System, RTC Peripheral Library, Part 1 - Configure FreeRTOS, I2C Driver, SDSPI Driver, File System, Harmony Core, Lab 4 - Add HTTP Web Server to Visualize Data, Middleware (TCP/IP, USB, Graphics, ect), Projects (Creation, Organization, Settings), mTouch Capacitive Sensing Library Module, Atmel Studio QTouch Library Composer (Legacy Tool), Buck Power Supply Graphical User Interface (GUI), Advanced Communication Solutions for Lighting, AN2039 Four-Channel PIC16F1XXX Power Sequencer, Developing SAM MPU Applications with MPLAB X IDE, Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transceiver (USART), Getting Started with AVR Microcontrollers, Using AVR Microcontrollers with Atmel START, 16-bit PIC Microcontrollers and dsPIC DSCs, Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller (NVIC), Sigma-Delta Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), Measuring Power and Energy Consumption Using PAC1934 Monitor with Linux, Programming, Configuration and Evaluation.
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