11 representing Tanganyika, Kimambo, N. and Maddox, H. (2017) A New History of Tanzania. The governor, who was at the top of administration was based at Dar-es- Salaam. The social prerequisite of direct rule was rather drastic. While he certainly did not want political power in the hands of settlers, he took steps to encourage them. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Tanganyika Under German Rule 1905-1912. In 1920, Britain was given responsibility for Tanganyika under a mandate from the League of Nations. "The German Administration in East Africa: A Select Annotated Bibliography of the German Colonial Administration in Tanganyika, Rwanda and Burundi from 1884 to 1918." Berman, German Colonialism Revisited: African, Asian, and Oceanic Experiences (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2014) page 114, East African Common Services Organisation, "Faith and Development in Focus, Tanzania", "Tanganyika: The Realities of Independence", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanganyika_Territory&oldid=1152683311, This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 17:36. Article 2 of the Covenant with the League of Nations, reproduced in, Indirect rule is identified with Lord Lugard, Governor of Nigeria 191219, although its roots can be traced back to British administration in India in the eighteenth century. From 1946, it was administered by the UK as a United Nations trust territory. of your Kindle email address below. The colony was divided into smaller units and a local leader appointed to rule on behalf of the colonial power. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. This was not a colony, but a business empire or organization run by him. The Portuguese gained control of the coastline in the late 15th century, but they were driven out by the Arabs of Oman and Zanzibar in the late 18th century. Oliver, Roland Find out more about saving content to . In the event that a state government is unable to function, the Constitution provides for the state to come under the direct control of the central government.In other words, it is "under the President's rule". 1988 concentrates on the early years . It was officially acknowledged by the 1950's that indirect rule had outlived its usefulness, especially in those numerous cases where "the concept of a chief was absent". After the First World War in 1918 significant changes were made. The hierarchical nature of the political structure was ideal for the system of indirect rule because the British could control the emirs and the emirs in turn could control their people. On the contrary, the local people had many grievances against their rule. In the 1920s and early 1930s there were British politicians and officials who argued that this could be achieved through co-operatives, which they saw as a logical extension of indirect rule. King Leopold II invited private companies to start development projects in the empire. Get access. a) The Africans lost their political independence. which important decision-making powers are delegated to the weaker. It tended to favour areas occupied by white settlers. This was highly resented by the local people in Tanganyika. German East Africa Company in Tanganyika. They undermined the Muslim cultures, for example the German administrators would enter the mosques with dogs, moreover during the holy month of Ramadan. Cooperation expanded with those protectorates and, later, countries in a number of ways, leading to the establishment of the East African High Commission (19481961) and the East African Common Services Organisation (19611967), forerunners of the East African Community. The next month, he announced that in the interest of national unity and economic development, TANU had decided that Tanganyika would now be a one-party state. Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz. The British state wished for this colony to be similar to the Nigeria in terms of its state structure. (Lugard, 4th edn. This is a temptation for the economically weak: a not dissimilar criticism has been made of President Nyerere after 1967 (e.g. The island of Zanzibar was even taken as a part of the Sultanate of Oman, when Seyyid Said came to power in 1806, Omani interests in Tanzania began to increase. b) Modern health facilities, formal education and other social services were introduced ninto the country. Oxford: Mkuki Na Nyota Publishers. No decisions were made unless the right channels were followed, and in many cases, the feelings and views of African subjects were not taken into account. The "tribal" system of indirect rule probably created more problems in Njombe District and throughout Tanganyika than it solved. This policy of indirect rule left local political arrangements and traditions largely intact. Peterss activities were confirmed by Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of the German Empire. The Germans brutally repressed the Maji Maji Rebellion of 1905. Later, Europeans began to argue that they were more evolved than the Africans, and so they were more superior to the Africans. As more and more co-operatives were registered with colonial approval (and supervision) so the alliance between the educated and the colonial state was legitimized. d) Many followers of traditional religion were converted into Christianity. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. To control sections of the continent meant that they could exploit resources that were needed for the European. The government also supplied good-quality cottonseed free to African growers and sold it cheaply to European planters. A significant difference between assimilation and indirect rule was that the indigenous education system was better maintained under indirect rule. Sisal, was especially valuable to rope production, and was one of German East Africas largest exports. A Land Ordinance (1923) ensured that African land rights were secure. [1], The name was chosen by the British with the Treaty of Versailles, and as such the name took effect when Britain was given control of Tanganyika in 1920. This meant that the African people were to assimilate or absorb the French culture. The registered owner is the agent and the true owner is the principal. Under the Akidas, there were local chiefs or village headmen called Jumbes. f) Many Africans were forced to live in crowded areas and were never able to. MEANING OF POPULATION PRESSURE; REASONS WHY DIRECT RULE WAS APPLIED IN TANGANYIKA BY THE GERMANS; EFFECTS OF DIRECT RULE ON THE PEOPLE OF . The first two African members had been nominated to the Legislative Council in December 1945. They also objected to being forced by the Germans to grow crops and to the brutal methods used to ensure that their orders were being obeyed. c) Colonial governments introduced modern methods of communication. Tanganyika's main objective after the war was to ensure that its program for economic recovery and development went ahead. Apart from Ruanda-Urundi (assigned to Belgium) and the small Kionga Triangle (assigned to Portuguese Mozambique), the territory was transferred to British control. 3099067 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG 2023 Informa UK Limited, Registered in England & Wales No. Townships that served as headquarters of the Secteurs had schools, health centers or dispensaries and a local court. During their rule, Africans were mistreated by settlers who had taken control over them. system subsequently institutionalized as indirect rule. Essentially, local government was to be left in the hands of the traditional chiefs, subject to the guidance of European officers. In return, they were promised equal status socially, economically and politically as the other French citizens. And he also insisted on close government control in the form of a Registrar with the power to set up societies and if need be to liquidate any which do not obey the rules. sleeve, lapel, pant, belt, etc.). Africans were not ready to abandon their culture. On the surface, the mandate was clearly intended to be temporaryfor peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world1and the country was to be developed and governed in the interests of its African inhabitants. 1996. Registered in England & Wales No. This system was used by the Italians, Spanish and British in Northern Nigerand Uganda. In any case the amount of real power held by the chiefs was never greatthe expatriate Provincial Commissioners and District Commissioners were always at their side. It was mainly such grievances that led to the outbreak of the Maji Maji Rebellion in 1905. Indirect rule allows local rulers to decide on things, try to groom the kids to be like them, and did allow culture to stay (for the most part). Recognizing the administrative inability of the German East Africa Company, which had theretofore ruled the country, the German government in 1891 declared a protectorate over its sphere of influence and over the coastal strip, where the company had bought out the sultans rights. and His book, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (1922), not only gained him the award of the Gold Medal of fche Royal Geographical Society, but immediately became a classic, as Lord Athlone said in his address of presentation, when he also spoke of Lord Lugard as the father of indirect rule. Many of the indigenous people had been turned into poorly paid laborers who also had to pay taxes. Thesis submitted for the fellowship of the Library Association, London, November 1987. EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. The success of TANU can be seen in the 1958 election under colonial rule where TANU candidates or TANU-supported candidates won every seat. 1929: 70.). The British in the colony had a Legislative Council (LegCo) which was established in 1906 and made all the laws that governed the colony. Sir Horace Byatt, administrator of the captured territory and, from 1920 to 1924, first British governor and commander in chief of Tanganyika Territory (as it was then renamed), enforced a period of recuperation before new development plans were set in motion. The German colonial administration instituted an educational programme for native Africans, including elementary, secondary, and vocational schools. 801) about Europeanised Africansthe educated who he claimed were more cut off from their people than the colonialists: advancement in self-government must depend on the extent to which the educated class is in sympathy with, and capable of representing, the illiterate sections of the people. During the partition of Africa, King Leopold II of Belgium acquired Congo and renamed it the Congo Free State. What is the difference between direct and indirect rule in Africa? One of Nyereres more important works was a paper called Ujamaathe Basis for African Socialism, which later served as the philosophical basis for the Arusha Declaration of 1967. What was the stated goal of indirect rule in Africa? In 1890, the Germans and the British met and drew up the boundaries between the British areas and the German Territory of Tanganyika. It was gradually occupied by forces from the British Empire and Belgian Congo during the East Africa Campaign, although German resistance continued until 1918. A case can therefore be made against Cameron that, while he was well-intentioned, and in some ways politically enlightened, when it came to economics he was uninterested: he put his faith in a utopian political philosophy, and hoped that economics would look after itself. (pp. These views encouraged Europeans to exploit the African continent and people. African people were treated badly. Sir Donald Cameron, who succeeded Byatt in 1925 and stayed for six years, is remembered for his passionate belief in indirect rule.2 This was an attempt to rule the country through chiefs, or at least to give the chiefs an appearance of ruling the country. He was responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies in the colony. The German direct rule led to widespread of Christianity in Tanganyika except in the coastal areas, where the Arabs had deeply established Islam. As a result of this, Africans had to work very hard to ensure that they paid their taxes on time. It had limited self-rule. This led to the development of African liberation movements whose aim was to fight for independence. Cameron has been described as the first great governor, and Nyerere himself, in 1956, singled him out as the only governor up to that time who had not ruled the country as if it were a British colony (Listowel 1965: 75; Nyerere 1966: 41). xxi). " direct" style of rule features highly centralized decision making while. Forster, et al. In short, it was a transparent attempt to disguise the reality of foreign rule. Africans were forced to collect rubber from the forests and deliver it to European companies. Jackson, Robert H. The British, like the other colonial powers on the continent, believed that Africans would take a very long time to mature and be able to govern themselves. In 1920, Britain was given responsibility for Tanganyika under a League of Nations mandate. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. f) New breeds of animals and crops that could do well under the African climate were introduced. He reorganized the system of native administration by the Native Authority Ordinance (1926) and the Native Courts Ordinance (1929). Lugard himself argued this position, in the foreword to C. F. Stricklands book Co-operation for Africa, already referred to in Chapter 8: The fundamental principle of the [co-operative] system is identical with that of Indirect Rulewhich could be better named Cooperative Rulethe essential aim of both being to teach personal responsibility and initiative (Lugard 1933: vii). He was the highest political figure in the colony. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. The French citizens were only found in the four communes. He wrote that the locals were not sure about its meaning and conjectured that it meant something like "the great lake spreading out like a plain", or "plain-like lake". What is the difference between indirect rule and assimilation? If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Direct central authority has power over the country; Indirect system in which a central authority has power over country, but local government maintains little say and authority. They wanted to expand their market for manufactured goods in Africa. The IBEA Company was interested in trading, rather than administration. Click here to navigate to parent product. The British always recognized that sooner or later they would be threatened by a class of educated Africans. In the hinterland they used indirect rule, They divided Tanganyika into Provinces and 22 districts. As a system of Administration, direct rule in its pure form had no room for the local rulers. W. Morris-Hale, British Administration in Tanganyika from 1920 to 1945 (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Geneva, 1969), p. 284. British officials like Cameron, Mitchell, and Bagshawe devoted inordinate efforts to translating the theory of indirect rule into practice. Reasons for Introducing Indirect Rule in Nigeria. [4], In the second half of the 19th century, European explorers and colonialists travelled through the African interior from Zanzibar. World War I put an end to all German experiments. In India, indigenous institutions continued to exist, and upon independence, efforts were made to integrate the domi- nant and indigenous education systems. Before World War I, Tanganyika formed part of the German colony of German East Africa. The enforcement of German overlordship was strongly resisted, but control was established by the beginning of the 20th century. Assimilation Policy For example, TANU, discussed and promoted fears that the colonial state had attempted to give a disproportionate amount of power to the European and Asian minority groups living within Tanganyika. However, they did not put back any of the profi ts to develop the continent. The imperial government had attempted to protect African land rights in 1895 but had failed in its objective in the Kilimanjaro area. When the Sultan of Zanzibar objected, German warships threatened to bombard his palace. The chief item in the development program was a plan to devote 3 million acres (1.2 million hectares) of land to the production of peanuts (the Groundnuts Scheme). Colonial administration used this method to rule people in colonies. This made them very unpopular. Dr Illiffe's book is one of the few available studies of German colonial administration. TANU installed a deep-rooted fear within the African population that the colonialists might still rule or have influence, even after independence. He has drawn on a wide range of sources, both in East Africa and Germany. Who is the father of indirect rule? We shall say that a. Cameron made it clear when he arrived in Tanganyika, and many times thereafter, that he was ruling on behalf of the African population, but he also made it clear, for example when laying the foundation stone of Tabora School in 1925, that Tanganyika was definitely and for ever embodied in the framework of the British Empire (quoted by Mbilinyi 1975: 4). England, the major partner, has never had self-government and, just like Tanganyika (whose name has been superseded by Tanzania with the addition of the qualifier mainland under the present government system) its affairs are governed by the union government. Direct rule is a system of governmental rule in which the central authority has power over the country. At the coast they used direct rule. As it turned out later, this equality was only in theory but not in practice. The laws within the colonies mainly came from France, and it was in the form of decrees or orders. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. No new co-operatives were accepted during Camerons six years in Tanganyika. The Akidas were the Arabs and Swahili people who collaborated with the Germans, while the Jumbes were Headsmen and leaders of small clans or groups of Africans. Indirect rule focused on ruling through some cooperating native ruler or rulers who profit from the relationship. Whats the difference between direct and indirect control? The continuing demand for primary produce strengthened the country's financial position. For, as we saw in Chapter 8, after 1932 the colonial government refused to treat seriously African co-operatives that were not directly controlled by chiefs or expatriates. [2], The area that made up Tanganyika was commonly visited by Arabic traders who would come to the area to buy slaves and ivory. Sanderson, G. N. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). . DOI link for Indirect Rule: The Establishment of Chiefs and Tribes in Camerons Tanganyika, Indirect Rule: The Establishment of Chiefs and Tribes in Camerons Tanganyika. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Tanganyika. It was initially administered under a military occupation regime. 3099067. Czapliski, Marek Tanganyika gained independence on Dec. 9, 1961, and became a republic one year later. The British used a method called Indirect rule in African colonies as a way of giving traditional African leaders new titles as colonial administrators. Lugards imperialist philosophy was propagated through his book.
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