Hong SW, Lee SH, Moon JH, et al. Heinen MM, Verhage BA, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Intake of vegetables, fruits, carotenoids and vitamins C and E and pancreatic cancer risk in The Netherlands Cohort Study. Combined evidence from metabolic, pharmacokinetic, and observational studies, and from randomized controlled trials supports consuming sufficient vitamin C to achieve plasma concentrations of at least 60 mol/L. Arthritis Res Ther. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. Two randomized controlled trials conducted in the 1990s reported a reduction in reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and myocardial injury with intravenous(136)or oral (137)vitamin C administration prior to CABG surgery (reviewed in 135). Symptoms of scurvy include subcutaneous bleeding, poor wound closure, and bruising easily, hair and tooth loss, and joint pain and swelling. J Stroke. Lagowska-Lenard M, Stelmasiak Z, Bartosik-Psujek H. Influence of vitamin C on markers of oxidative stress in the earliest period of ischemic stroke. It is not clear whether vitamin C given parenterally could diminish or increase the efficacy of chemotherapy drugsin particular, akylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, busulfan), antitumor antibiotics (e.g., doxorubicin, bleomycin), and arsenic trioxide. 2011;42(6):1665-1672. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 201. 2016;9:25-30. Arch Intern Med. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. One hundred percent absorption efficiency is observed when ingesting vitamin C at doses up to 200 mg at a time. 2012;69(7):836-841. Vitamin C intake, circulating vitamin C and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Michels AJ, Hagen TM, Frei B. Hypertension. 2017;13(3):558-567. (PubMed), 121. Oregon State University, Updated in November 2013 by: Available at: https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Natural resistance to ascorbic acid induced oxidative stress is mainly mediated by catalase activity in human cancer cells and catalase-silencing sensitizes to oxidative stress. 2015;6(4):570-581. Lee DH, Lim JS, Song K, Boo Y, Jacobs DR, Jr. Graded associations of blood lead and urinary cadmium concentrations with oxidative-stress-related markers in the U.S. population: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Finally, vitamin C increases the bioavailability of iron from foods by enhancing intestinal absorption of non-heme iron (see the article on Iron) (21). 2013;97(4):800-807. 2017;58:66-77. Mann EA, Baun MM, Meininger JC, Wade CE. Vitamin C deficiency in the brain impairs cognition, increases amyloid accumulation and deposition, and oxidative stress in APP/PSEN1 and normally aging mice. (PubMed), 20. Plasma and dietary vitamin C levels and risk of gastric cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST). Pharmacokinetic studies in older adults have not yet been conducted, but there is some evidence suggesting that the efficiency of one of the molecular mechanisms for the cellular uptake of vitamin C declines with age (208). Vitamin C is known to function as a highly effective antioxidant in living organisms. Additionally, dietary, but not supplemental, intake of vitamin C and other antioxidant nutrients (carotenoids, proanthocyanidins, and manganese) was inversely associated with NHL risk. 2006;27(11):2250-2257. Although ascorbyl palmitate is also available as an oral supplement, most of it is likely hydrolyzed to ascorbic acid and palmitic acid in the digestive tract before it is absorbed (189). We have long recommended vitamin K be added to Pauling's basic vitamin C and lysine protocol for this reason. (PubMed). 2008;300(18):2123-2133. Because systemic inflammatory responses involve excessive oxidative stress, it has been suggested that providing antioxidant nutrients like vitamin C may improve the outcome of critically ill patients in intensive care units. Acta Ophthalmol. Vitamin C is concentrated in the brain through a combination of active transport into brain tissue and retention via the blood-brain barrier (100). Roswall N, Olsen A, Christensen J, et al. BMC Complement Altern Med. Nutrients. However, cases have occurred in children and the elderly on very restricted diets (33, 34). Antioxid Redox Signal. Frei B, Birlouez-Aragon I, Lykkesfeldt J. Lee SH, Oe T, Blair IA. (PubMed), 112. (PubMed), 145. 2012(3):Cd007176. (PubMed), 153. Antioxidants for Alzheimer disease: a randomized clinical trial with cerebrospinal fluid biomarker measures. (PubMed), 190. Comparison of mortality associated with sepsis in the burn, trauma, and general intensive care unit patient: a systematic review of the literature. Linus Pauling Institute 2006;114(3):350-354. Linus Pauling Institute 2005;192(6):1856-1862; discussion 1862-1853. 2002;56(1):53-56. Age-related changes to the lens (thickening, loss of flexibility) and oxidative damage contribute to the formation of cataract, i.e., cloudiness or opacity in the lens that interferes with the clear focusing of images on the retina. Phagocytic leukocytes also produce and release cytokines, including interferons, which have antiviral activity (16). (PubMed), 148. (PubMed), 66. Padayatty SJ, Sun H, Wang Y, et al. Aspirin can impair vitamin C status if taken frequently (201). Pharmacologic ascorbic acid concentrations selectively kill cancer cells: action as a pro-drug to deliver hydrogen peroxide to tissues. (PubMed), 109. 1999;69(6):1086-1107. (PubMed), 111. Antioxidant effects of vitamins in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 2000;71(2):530-536. Over years of buildup and accumulated damage to the coronary arteries, CHD may culminate in a myocardial infarction or heart attack. Conversely, there are case reports suggesting that supplemental vitamin C may lower blood concentrations of some medications, such as fluphenazine (the antipsychotic drug, Prolixin) and indinavir (the antiretroviral drug, Crixivan) (200). (PubMed), 26. Fruit, vegetable and vitamin C intakes and plasma vitamin C: cross-sectional associations with insulin resistance and glycaemia in 9-10 year-old children. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Am J Clin Nutr. Kositsawat J, Freeman VL. A 2012 review of nine randomized controlled trials found no substantial effect of -carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, administered individually or in combination over 2.1 to 12 years, on the risk of cataracts or cataract surgery (112). (PubMed), 48 Kubota Y, Iso H, Date C, et al. A meta-analysis of 36 studies on the relationship between vitamin C intake and plasma concentrations found that the elderly require a substantially higher daily intake of vitamin C to attain plasma concentrations that younger adults achieve at a lower intake. The recommended intake for smokers is 35 mg/day higher than for nonsmokers, because smokers are under increased oxidative stress from the toxins in cigarette smoke and generally have lower blood concentrations of vitamin C (36). Vitamin C is depleted during and following cardiac surgery (134)and this might be due to the direct quenching of ROS, the regeneration of other antioxidants, and/or a massive synthesis of catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) (135). 2013;32(12):1508-1517. Because high doses of vitamin C have also been found to interfere with the interpretation of certain laboratory tests (e.g., serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, and the stool guaiac assay for occult blood), it is important to inform one's health care provider of any recent supplement use. Atrial fibrillation:Atrial fibrillation is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia. Naeini AM, Elmadfa I, Djazayery A, et al. (PubMed), 67. Vitamin C likely also plays a role in the maintenance of genome integrity and in the protection against cellular transformation through regulating DNA and histone demethylating enzymes (see Function) (165). New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.; 1994:1139-1193. Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. (PubMed), 106. In contrast, observational studies reported lower plasma vitamin C concentrations in AD patients compared to cognitively healthy subjects (101)and found better cognitive function or lower risk of cognitive impairment with higher plasma vitamin C (100). (PubMed), 107. Redox Rep. 2016;21(2):75-83. (PubMed), 70. Synthetic or food-derived vitamin C--are they equally bioavailable? Website https://www.paulingtherapy.comPauling Therapy for Heart Disease:-Vitamin C 12,000 mg-Lysine 6,000 mg-Proline 2,000 mg 2000;70(5):226-237. Rodrigo R, Hasson D, Prieto JC, et al. (PubMed), 85. Am J Obstet Gynecol. The effectiveness of antioxidant vitamins C and E in reducing myocardial infarct size in patients subjected to percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PREVEC Trial): study protocol for a pilot randomized double-blind controlled trial. Effect of oral vitamin C supplementation on serum uric acid: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Recent Advances in Primary and Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;24(4):269-276. Am J Clin Nutr. Linus Pauling is a hard guy to argue with. Studies in the 1970s and 1980s conducted by Linus Pauling, Ewan Cameron, and colleagues suggested that large doses of vitamin C (10 g/day infused intravenously for 10 days followed by at least 10 g/day orally indefinitely) were helpful in increasing the survival time and improving the quality of life of terminal cancer patients (158). Bertoia M, Albanes D, Mayne ST, Mannisto S, Virtamo J, Wright ME. (PubMed), 43. Krajewska B, Brindell M. Urease activity and L-ascorbic acid. Br Med J. Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. The effects of increasing weekly doses of ascorbate on certain cellular and humoral immune functions in normal volunteers. Fructose and vitamin C intake do not influence risk for developing hypertension. 2015;4(11). 2013;33:45-70. email:[emailprotected], Chlorophyll and Metallo-Chlorophyll Derivatives, Healthcare Professional Continuing Education, Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus, The Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C, Symposium on Vitamin CPart of the LPIs 9, Dr Linus Pauling's recommendation and the Linus Pauling Institute's recommendation for vitamin C intake, https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures, https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com, Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) biosynthesis, Peptidyl-glycine -amidating monooxygenase, 4 Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) isoenzymes, Ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases, Jumonji domain-containing histone demethylases. The MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study: preliminary results. When the results of the Womens Antioxidant Vitamin Estrogen (WAVE) trial were reanalyzed based on Hp genotype, antioxidant therapy (1,000 mg/day of vitamin C + 800 IU/day of vitamin E) was associated with improvement of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic women with Hp1-1 genotype but worsening of coronary atherosclerosis in those carrying the Hp2-2 genotype (148). (PubMed), 89. (PubMed), 104. Liability for individual actions or omissions based upon the contents of this site is expressly disclaimed. (PubMed), 94. Bergsten P, Amitai G, Kehrl J, Dhariwal KR, Klein HG, Levine M. Millimolar concentrations of ascorbic acid in purified human mononuclear leukocytes. Each of the cohort studies used self-administered food frequency questionnaires at baseline to assess vitamin C intake. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11th ed. Scurvy is rare in developed countries because it can be prevented by as little as 10 mg of vitamin C daily (32). Clin Chem Lab Med. Arthritis Rheum. (PubMed), 72. Milan SJ, Hart A, Wilkinson M. Vitamin C for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. 177. Tsugane S, Sasazuki S. Diet and the risk of gastric cancer: review of epidemiological evidence. 1997;17(3):415-425. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. . Andres M, Sivera F, Falzon L, Buchbinder R, Carmona L. Dietary supplements for chronic gout. Front Physiol. Combined effect of metformin with ascorbic acid versus acetyl salicylic acid on diabetes-related cardiovascular complication; a 12-month single blind multicenter randomized control trial. Hemila H, Suonsyrja T. Vitamin C for preventing atrial fibrillation in high risk patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kook SY, Lee KM, Kim Y, et al. Low ascorbate levels are associated with increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activity and an aggressive tumor phenotype in endometrial cancer. JAMA. J Am Soc Nephrol. Jariwalla RJ, Harakeh S. Mechanisms underlying the action of vitamin C in viral and immunodeficiency disease. (National Academy Press), 36. Information regarding vitamin C and the prevention of chronic disease is based on both observational prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials(29, 37). Pediatrics. (PubMed), 169 Riordan HD, Casciari JJ, Gonzalez MJ, et al. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. Dixit S, Bernardo A, Walker JM, et al. (PubMed), 91. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Diabetol Metab Syndr. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (e.g., nicardipine, nifedipine) can inhibit vitamin C uptake by intestinal cells in vitro. (PubMed), 143. (PubMed), 49. Comparison of the absorption and excretion of three commercially available sources of vitamin C. J Am Diet Assoc. In a 1974 radio interview, he noted that "the first 250 mg is more important than any later 250 mg. (PubMed), 196. Oregon State University, Updated in July 2018 by: Phase I evaluation of intravenous ascorbic acid in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Therefore, as in many studies of vitamin C intake and chronic disease risk, it is difficult to separate the effects of vitamin C from the effects of other components of fruit and vegetables. 2010;29(3):215-217. Stroke. Does vitamin C deficiency affect cognitive development and function? If you suffer from an acute deficiency of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and other nutrients, your body stops producing collagen. 2007;73(4):710-719. A history of scurvy and vitamin C. In: Packer L, Fuchs J, eds. 194. (PubMed), 64. Supplementation with vitamin C had no effect on the overall risk of cancer or on the risk of prostate, bladder, or pancreatic cancer; there was a marginal reduction in colorectal cancer incidence with vitamin C compared to placebo (82). Davis JL, Paris HL, Beals JW, et al. (PubMed), 78. It should also be noted that the Linus Pauling Institute's recommendation is strictly directed towards prevention of disease in healthy individuals, not treatment of disease. New York: Macel Dekker, Inc.; 1997:309-322. (PubMed), 84. The results of this study also indicated that supplemental vitamin C may be helpful in the prevention of gout (119). Englard S, Seifter S. The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. 1999;181(4):1026-1035. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding brain tissue. Kuiper C, Molenaar IG, Dachs GU, Currie MJ, Sykes PH, Vissers MC. Collagen is required to keep our arteries flexible and strong. *Source of intake should be from foods or formula only. Lykkesfeldt J, Christen S, Wallock LM, Chang HH, Jacob RA, Ames BN. Levine M, Padayatty SJ. Notably, intravenous administration of vitamin C bypasses absorptive control in the intestine such that very high concentrations of vitamin C can be achieved in the plasma; within a few hours, renal excretion restores vitamin C to baseline plasma concentrations (see Cancer Treatment) (25). 2017;37:58-64. Nutr Cancer. Saag KG, Choi H. Epidemiology, risk factors, and lifestyle modifications for gout. 2018;9:809. (PubMed), 28. By pooling data from 13 prospective cohort studies comprising 676,141 participants, it was determined that dietary intake of vitamin C was not associated with colon cancer, while total intake of vitamin C (i.e., from food and supplements) was associated with a 19% reduced risk of colon cancer (79). (PubMed), 114. 2014;13(4):280-300. Many prospective cohort studies have examined the relationship between vitamin C intake from diet and supplements and CHD risk, the results of which have been pooled and analyzed in two separate analyses (46, 47). A 2011 meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials in healthy individuals with elevated serum uric acid revealed that vitamin C supplementation (a median dose of 500 mg/day for a median duration of 30 days) modestly reduced serum uric acid concentrations by 0.35 mg/dL compared to placebo(120). Vitamin C supplementation for pregnant smoking women and pulmonary function in their newborn infants: a randomized clinical trial. Science. Roswall N, Olsen A, Christensen J, Dragsted LO, Overvad K, Tjonneland A. Micronutrient intake and breast cancer characteristics among postmenopausal women. It may involve the production of high levels of hydrogen peroxide, selectively toxic to cancer cells (22, 160-162), or the deactivation of hypoxia inducible factor, a prosurvival transcription factor that protects cancer cells from various forms of stress (159, 163, 164). (PubMed), 204. Two large prospective cohort studies, one following 45,251 men for six years and the other following 85,557 women for 14 years, reported that consumption of 1,500 mg of vitamin C daily did not increase the risk of kidney stone formation compared to those consuming <250 mg daily (196, 197). 1995;59(6):1519-1523. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. Levy R, Shriker O, Porath A, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F. Vitamin C for the treatment of recurrent furunculosis in patients with impaired neutrophil functions. Vitamin C Foundation Approved Cardio-C (Pauling-therapy) drink mix provides Linus Pauling's specific vitamin C and lysine. The effect of vitamin therapy on the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis varies by haptoglobin type in postmenopausal women. PLoS One. A systematic review. Lowell JA. Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency, such as poor wound healing and lethargy, likely result from the impairment of these vitamin C-dependent enzymatic reactions leading to the insufficient synthesis of collagen, carnitine, and catecholamines (see Deficiency). Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. Choi HK, Curhan G. Gout: epidemiology and lifestyle choices. Montvale: Thomson Reuters; 2008. Am J Clin Nutr. Corvallis, Oregon 97331, phone: 541-737-5075 | fax: 541-737-5077 Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations relate inversely to blood pressure in human subjects. Hammoud AO, Bujold E, Sorokin Y, Schild C, Krapp M, Baumann P. Smoking in pregnancy revisited: findings from a large population-based study. 2001;357(9257):657-663. Intake of antioxidant nutrients and risk of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the Women's Health Initiative. 2018;24(4):248-255. Eur J Clin Invest. In addition, there is currently little evidence to support a role for vitamin C in the management of patients with gout (123). Tower drink mixes replace handfuls of pills and are made with pharmaceutical-grade, bioidentical ingredients. Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake. You may hyperlink to this website but must include the following statement: "This link leads to a website provided by the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. Tessier F, Moreaux V, Birlouez-Aragon I, Junes P, Mondon H. Decrease in vitamin C concentration in human lenses during cataract progression. Similarly, the EPIC-Norfolk study, a 10-year prospective cohort study in 20,649 adults, found that individuals with plasma vitamin C concentrations in the top quartile (25%) had a 42% lower risk of stroke compared to those in the lowest quartile (66 mol/L vs. <41 mol/L) (58). Human genetic variation influences vitamin C homeostasis by altering vitamin C transport and antioxidant enzyme function. Wang ZJ, Hu WK, Liu YY, et al. McEvoy CT, Milner KF, Scherman AJ, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Ascorbate is depleted by smoking and repleted by moderate supplementation: a study in male smokers and nonsmokers with matched dietary antioxidant intakes. Stephen R, Utecht T. Scurvy identified in the emergency department: a case report. (PubMed), 119. Pauling L. The immune system. (PubMed), 181. Dosage is a key factor: low doses are ineffective. Thompson CA, Cerhan JR. Fruit and vegetable intake and survival from non-Hodgkin lymphoma: does an apple a day keep the doctor away? The Normative Aging Study. Specifically, the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study collected data on dietary and supplemental vitamin C intake every four years in 45,619 male health professionals (ages 40-75 years) (198). In response to invading microorganisms, phagocytic leukocytes release non-specific toxins, such as superoxide radicals, hypochlorous acid ("bleach"), and peroxynitrite; these reactive oxygen species kill pathogens and, in the process, can damage the leukocytes themselves (15). Linus Pauling Institute (PubMed), 82. Vitamin C: should we supplement? Carr AC, Frei B. In: Harris JR, ed. Overall, an inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of NHL was observed. (PubMed), 50. Yet, plasma concentrations of vitamin C 50 mol/L are sufficient to saturate muscle tissue vitamin C. There is also some limited evidence suggesting that individuals who carry certain polymorphisms in genes involved in vitamin C transport and detoxification mechanisms may have lower plasma vitamin C concentrations even with high vitamin C intakes (see also Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus) (reviewed in 27). The mechanism(s) by which vitamin C reduces blood lead concentration is not known, yet it has been proposed that vitamin C could inhibit intestinal absorption (184)or enhance urinary excretion of lead (185). In the US, Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting 5.5 million individuals 65 years and over (97). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. For more information on the difference between Dr Linus Pauling's recommendation and the Linus Pauling Institute's recommendation for vitamin C intake, select the highlighted text. Despite conflicting results, it may be prudent for individuals predisposed to oxalate kidney stone formation to avoid high-dose vitamin C supplementation. Carr AC, Vissers MC. The effects of antenatal smoking on lung function and respiratory symptoms in infants and children. 2007;83(11):707-711. P R Health Sci J. For a more detailed discussion on the bioavailability of different forms of vitamin C, see the article,The Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C. Severe vitamin C deficiency has been known for many centuries as the potentially fatal disease, scurvy. On the other hand, two other large prospective studies reported that a high intake of vitamin C was associated with an increased risk of kidney stone formation in men (198, 199). 2012;7(1):e29794. (PubMed), 152. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Related to this oxidation -reduction ( redox) potential, two major functions of vitamin C are as an antioxidant and as an enzyme cofactor (1). A much larger study of 19,578 people, including 4,214 children from 6 to 16 years of age, found higher serum vitamin C concentrations to be associated with significantly lower blood lead concentrations (182). Johnston CS. A few observational studies in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy reported that complementary intravenous vitamin C treatment was associated with a reduction in treatment-associated side effects and an improved quality of life (171). (PubMed). 1986;104(5):753-755. Free Radic Biol Med. Vitamin C requirements are likely to be increased in this population due to the hypermetabolic response driven by the systemic inflammatory reaction (152, 153). Dietary beta-carotene, vitamin C and E intake and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). 2003;410(1):112-120. Banerjee S, Hawksby C, Miller S, Dahill S, Beattie AD, McColl KE. Physiological availability of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid and palmitoyl-L-ascorbic acid. Jacobs C, Hutton B, Ng T, Shorr R, Clemons M. Is there a role for oral or intravenous ascorbate (vitamin C) in treating patients with cancer? 2012;52(9):815-829. 2013;173(5):386-388. To get the best results here, I recommend Cardio-C from the Vitamin C Foundation. (PubMed), 174. Hutchinson J, Lentjes MA, Greenwood DC, et al. Massey LK, Liebman M, Kynast-Gales SA. Linus Pauling recommended at least 3000mg of vitamin C per day as a preventive dose, and significantly higher levels of both vitamin C and lysine for the treatment of existing heart disease. Good quality long-term trials are needed to examine whether the anti-hypertensive effect of vitamin C is sustained over time and eventually results in a reduced risk of cardiovascular events.
Saratoga County Accident Reports,
White Dog With Brown Eye Patch Names,
Sce Transfer Service To Another Person,
Conda Install Geopandas Failed With Initial Frozen Solve,
Articles L