Although this product is designed for pest control, it does a good job with powdery mildew as well. Zhang J, Chen Z, Huang X, Shi W, Zhang R, Chen M, Huang H, Wu L. Insights on the Multifunctional Activities of Magnolol. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. 2019 May 23;2019:1847130. doi: 10.1155/2019/1847130. This Web site is not to be used as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment of any health condition or problem. Talarek S, Listos J, Barreca D, Tellone E, Sureda A, Nabavi SF, Braidy N, Nabavi SM. Accumulating evidence demonstrated that obesity is a risk factor for renal structural and functional changes, leading to the end-stage renal disease which imposes a heavy economic burden on the community. PMID: 7310672. Spray the leaves, petioles, and branches with an aqueous solution of copper fungicide. In patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a magnolia extract was shown to be useful in reducing hepatic fat content(49). Yoon JC, Xu G, Deeney JT, et al. However, young trees can be severely damaged if the disease is noticed too late. Is magnolia poisonous to humans? Spray the wounds with an aqueous fungicide solution. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. Biofactors. Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia are hallmarks of obesity. Qualitative analysis for glomerular enlargement was indicated by mean glomerular area (c). PMID: 27669240; PMCID: PMC5085662. Diabetes treatment is a complicated process in which, in addition to the standard pharmacological action, it is necessary to append a comprehensive approach. Suppression of, Semple RK, Crowley VC, Sewter CP, et al. We have reports spanning the last few decades of women developing kidney failure resulting in dialysis after using a Magnolia Bark supplement as part of a weight loss program. Can you get magnolia naturally from foods? Some early case studies of women undergoing weight management treatment reported kidney issues caused due to a preparation containing magnolia bark, however, further analysis revealed possible contamination, adulteration, or use of substandard products as the cause of kidney damage. Its important to note that the exact mechanisms through which the isolated compounds contribute to these effects are still being investigated. PMID: 29925102. PMID: 31877856; PMCID: PMC7016989. In addition, some research -- in humans and animals -- suggests magnolia may also be useful in these ways: Some research has suggested some other possible benefits for magnolia: It might also help treat or prevent: Supplement makers may suggest varying amounts of their product for different purposes. All of these actions together greatly increase the magnolias chances of recovery. Older leaves are usually untouched by this disease. Sweet Magnolia: Tree Bark Extract Fights Bad Breath And Tooth Decay. ScienceDaily. Magnolia extract can help in managing high blood pressure as research has observed it to have various effects such as: Each of these effects may contribute to lowering high blood pressure. After filtration through the 400-mesh filter cloth, the filtrate was filtered again through filter paper (Whatman, no. In acute myeloid leukemia cells, honokiol inhibited STAT3 signaling via increased protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP1 expression(26). PMID: 22771461. Statistical analysis was performed with Origin 7.5 Laboratory data analysis and graphing software. Before Design, Formulation and in vivo Evaluation of Novel Honokiol-Loaded PEGylated PLGA Nanocapsules for Treatment of Breast Cancer. Then they begin to develop and destroy the tissues of the tree. Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. (Eastern time), Monday through Friday, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Eastern time), Monday to Friday, 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. (Eastern time). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the From diagnosis to treatment, our experts provide the care and support you need, when you need it. Repeat the spraying in two weeks. Anti-bacterial: helps against acne and itching. Shimomura I, Funahashi T, Takahashi M, et al. There are several types of bacteria that cause this disease. Phytomedicine. Antitumor activity also occurred via MMP9 inhibition through the NF-kB pathway in breast cancer cells(19) and through AMPK activation in colorectal cancer cells(18). Phytotherapy has been used for human disease as an alternative or complement to allopathic medicines for several centuries [8, 9]. Regulation of Mucin 1 and multidrug resistance protein 1 by honokiol enhances the efficacy of doxorubicin-mediated growth suppression in mammary carcinoma cells. Corticosterone and serotonin each play a role in regulating anxiety, mood, and depression. Interactions of Magnolia and Ziziphus extracts with selected central nervous system receptors. Honokiol and magnolol as multifunctional antioxidative molecules for dermatologic disorders. Whats more, magnolol likewise appears to have anticancer properties. Always disinfect tools when pruning. Agosta C, Atlante M, Benvenuti C. Randomized controlled study on clinical efficacy of isoflavones plus Lactobacillus sporogenes, associated or not with a natural anxiolytic agent in menopause. Confusion. The pathogens get into cracks in the bark or where the trunk and branch come together. Planta Med. Some of the benefits of magnolia bark, such as improved sleep and mood, could be especially beneficial for women during menopause (30). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. Call us at 833-347-1665 to make an appointment. Clean the wound of dead wood and wash it with alcohol. Campus, G. Caries Research, Aug. 3, 2011; vol 45: pp 393-399. Some researchers believe that these effects are due to honokiol, a natural compound in the bark. PMID: 18093712. Bacterial blight prefers cool and humid conditions best. Data were collected from five animals for each group and presented as means SD. Polyphenols, such as those found in magnolia bark, have been suggested as a potential therapy to combat the side effects of oxidative stress and inflammation (12). However, the mechanism underlying the generation of insulin resistance in obesity has not been fully understood. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase 1 activity and blocking the binding of cytosolic and membrane-bound proteins by honokiol inhibit migratory potential of melanoma cells. Purified from the Magnolia officinalis, magnolol was found to exert an anti-inflammatory property via repressing lipopolysaccharide-induced Toll-like receptor 4 expression, subsequent nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-B), and MAPK signaling pathway in uterine epithelial cells [23]. Controlled clinical study in menopause. ", Molecular Nutrition and Food Research: "Long-term supplementation of honokiol and magnolol ameliorates body fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and adipose inflammation in high-fat fed mice. Animal studies show the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of magnolia bark protect kidneys from high-fat diet-induced damage. Magnolol induces apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells through G2/M phase arrest and caspase-independent pathway. BL153 ameliorated obesity-induced renal oxidative stress. Use it several times at 1-2 week intervals. However, no effective medicine treating this disease is available. Magnolol in Magnolia Bark will stimulate corticosterone secretion which will likely cause problems if you are using steroid medication. Here are some notable sorrel. Drug users may misuse magnolia bark for its feel-good effect. Clinically, it is commonly used to treat asthma, constipation, edema, abdominal distension, malaria, and other diseases by combining different traditional Chinese medicines. Magnolia may protect. How can Magnolia Bark help in managing High Blood Pressure? Further, magnolia bark has a well-established safety profile for short-term use. Chiang J, Shen Y-C, Wang Y-H, et al. And use caution if you take medicine to help you sleep or lessen your anxiety. Modulation of P-glycoprotein expression by honokiol, magnolol and 4-O-methylhonokiol, the bioactive components of. However, these studies used magnolia in combination with other compounds. Kim YJ, Choi MS, Cha BY, et al. Honokiol is a potent scavenger of superoxide and peroxyl radicals. Honokiol Inhibits Constitutive and Inducible STAT3 Signaling via PU.1-Induced SHP1 Expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC, an Internet Brands company. Kidney tissue was fixed overnight in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin and then dehydrated in a graded alcohol series, cleared with xylene, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at 5m thickness for pathological staining. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does regulate dietary supplements; however, it treats them like foods rather than medications. Anti-oxidant: protects against free radicals and decelerates the aging process. This will help them manage your care and keep you safe. 1988 Jun 15;50(6):757-65. doi: 10.1016/0049-3848(88)90336-2. Ready to start planning your care? Theoretically, magnolia might cause additive CNS depression and/or excessive bleeding when used perioperatively. Greenberg, M. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Nov. 14, 2007; vol 55: pp 9465-9469. Furthermore, its best to speak with your healthcare provider before taking magnolia bark supplements, especially if youre currently using other supplements or medications. Although remarkably elevated in HFD-fed mice at the end of experiment, ACR was significantly reduced after administration with BL153 at the dose of 5mg/kg or 10mg/kg for six months (Figure 1). found that increasing Nrf2 activity did not prevent diet-induced obesity and had limited effects on lipid metabolism [40]. 2006 Jan-Feb;12(1):50-4. The flower and bark of Magnolia have been widely used as traditional herbal remedy for various disorders such as headache, fever, anxiety, diarrhea, stroke, and asthma. This is why its best to speak with your healthcare provider before taking magnolia bark alone or in combination with other supplements and medications. Once cool, place the vessel overnight in a refrigerator allowing further extraction of petals. Expression of the thermogenic nuclear hormone receptor coactivator PGC-1. In murine models, honokiol enhanced low-dose docetaxel treatment against prostate cancer growth and bone metastasis(37), and reduced breast tumor growth biomarkers(48). 2008 Apr 21;7:11. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-7-11. Magnolia bark may cause kidney failure after long-term use. Fatigue. Try to do the pruning in dry weather so that the wound dries up quickly. 2011 Feb;63(1):11-7. However, all these alterations were attenuated by BL153 treatment, accompanied by upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- coactivator-1 (PGC-1) and hexokinase II (HK II) expression in the kidney. This not only includes brain disorders like Alzheimers disease but also conditions like stress, anxiety, mood disorders, and depression (23). Sarrica A, Kirika N, Romeo M, Salmona M, Diomede L. Safety and Toxicology of Magnolol and Honokiol. Shortness of breath. People who use benzodiazepine may use magnolia bark as a natural sedative. BL153 upregulated renal PGC-1 and NQO1 expression. Antihyperglycemic effects with magnolia bark extract are attributed to the inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase enzyme 1B, a negative regulator of the insulin signaling pathway, which increases ERK phosphorylation and GLUt4 translocation(5). In addition, ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress by using MG132 or sulforaphane showed beneficial effects in diabetic nephropathy [36, 37]. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. However, the supplement used in these studies contained compounds other than magnolia bark. Pillon NJ, Croze ML, Vella RE, Soulre L, Lagarde M, Soulage CO. 2010;33(3):427-31. doi: 10.1248/bpb.33.427. Typically, magnolia bark is bark of the houpo magnolia tree that has been stripped away from it branches and stems to make supplements. Int J Mol Sci. Taken together, it is possible that magnolia extract (BL153) attenuates kidney inflammation and oxidative stress via increasing PGC-1-mediated various antioxidative protein expressions under different conditions. Honokiol, a multifunctional antiangiogenic and antitumor agent. 2013 Aug 7;10(1):37. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-37. Our data showed that BL153 administration did not affect HK II expression level in LFD group mice; moreover, BL153 administration in HFD group mice only increased HK II expression back to the normal level, even at a high dose (10mg/kg), indicating the safety of BL153, as illustrated in Figure 7. However, these studies used magnolia in combination with other compounds. AltMedDex Consults: "Hou po -- Chinese herb mini-review.". Interactions. The bark is particularly rich in two neolignans that are believed to be responsible for its medicinal properties magnolol and honokiol (1, 2). Jiang S, Zhang L-F, Zhang H-W, et al. PMID: 28817221. Another candidate molecule is HK II. Urine samples were collected and then all mice were sacrificed for study. Honokiol also showed antitumor and antiangiogenic effects(23)(24)(25) in leukemia(26), lung(27)(28), bladder(29), prostate(30), melanoma(31)(32), breast(33), glioblastoma(34), neuroblastoma(35), and oral cancer(36) cells lines. The air-dried bark of M. officinalis (3kg) was cut into pieces and extracted twice with 95% (v/v) ethanol (4 times as much as the weight of the dried plants) for 3 days at room temperature. Male C57/BL6/J mice at 8 weeks of age were fed either a LFD (10%kcal as fat) or a HFD (60%kcal as fat) with or without indicated dose of BL153 (2.5mg/kg, 5mg/kg or 10mg/kg) for 6 months. Magnolia bark appears to have many potential benefits, including anticancer properties, improved sleep, treatment of menopause symptoms, relief of stress and anxiety, and protection against oxidation and inflammation. Honokiol: A Review of Its Anticancer Potential and Mechanisms. It is also used to regulate gastrointestinal motility and is found in herbal formulas such as Ma Zi Ren Wan. As a result, light gray spots appear on the leaf blade about half an inch across. Additionally, a test-tube study found that magnolol inhibited the growth of lung cancer cells (21, 22). They also discovered that cortisol levels in the treatment group remained low in the evening and at bedtime. Try to keep your magnolia tree undamaged. Symptoms are bark deformation in the place where the disease is developing. A chemical in magnolia reduced damage in the. The bark of M. officinalis was dried in the shade at room temperature and stored in a dark, cold room until use. People who are unaware of potential addiction-causing effects of magnolia. Similar to honokiol, studies in animals have shown that magnolol may help control and suppress tumor growth in various organs. This article reviews the, Sorrel, which refers to both a leafy green plant and its fruit, is known for its tart taste and powerful health benefits. Health-related information changes frequently and therefore information contained on this Web site may be outdated, incomplete or incorrect. 1The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China, 2The Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 20202, USA, 3School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China, 4The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China, 5Bioland Biotec Co., Ltd., Zhangjiang Modern Medical Device Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201201, China, 6Bioland R&D Center, 59 Songjeongni 2-gil, Byeongcheon, Dongnam, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-863, Republic of Korea. Before supplementing with magnolia bark, check with your medical provider to discuss proper dosage levels and ensure theres no risk of potential interactions with any medications youre taking. Collect all of the fallen leaves around the magnolia. Spray the wound with copper fungicide and when it is dry, spray again with alcohol. 2012 Nov;63(6):1191-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.031. PMID: 15856410. Oxidative stress also appears to play a significant role in many changes in the body and mind that accompany aging (11). Besides anti-inflammation properties, Magnolia extract has also been found to take part in ameliorating oxidative stress through different pathways. Talbott SM, Talbott JA, Pugh M. Effect of Magnolia officinalis and Phellodendron amurense (Relora) on cortisol and psychological mood state in moderately stressed subjects. Novel histone deacetylase inhibitors derived from. Lab studies of magnolia bark extract suggest anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, but studies in humans are needed. The houpo magnolia tree is native to China, where it has been used for thousands of years as a supplement in traditional Chinese medicine. 2017 Mar.;18(3):194-214. ", J Zhejiang Univ Sci B: "Biological activity and toxicity of the Chinese herbMagnolia officinalis.". demonstrated that enhanced Nrf2 activity even impaired insulin signaling, prolonged hyperglycemia in response to glucose challenge, and induced insulin resistance in leptin-deficient obesity [41]. 2007 Nov 14;55(23):9465-9. doi: 10.1021/jf072122h. Various studies on honokiol support the use of this polyphenol in magnolia bark as a therapy for cancer treatment and prevention. In the lab trails, magnolia bark extract killed 100% of the bad odor-causing bacteria. Our scientists pursue every aspect of cancer researchfrom exploring the biology of genes and cells, to developing immune-based treatments, uncovering the causes of metastasis, and more. Honokiol, a small molecular weight natural product, inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Singh H. Traditional phytotherapy for the treatment of hydrocele in Odisha, India. Wood-decaying fungi, sometimes . Is Garcinia Cambogia Safe for Weight Loss? The polyphenols in magnolia bark honokiol and magnolol have been found to help induce and improve sleep. Furthermore, in vivo study indicated that honokiol, another compound isolated from the Magnolia herb, modulated inflammation-associated cytokines, such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, TNF-, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, through activation of NF-B [24]. We hope that further research will confirm our hypothesis. One way in which honokiol may combat cancer is by helping regulate cell signaling pathways. Magnolia bark can have interactions with the following classes of drugs: Magnolia bark can cause addiction given its sedative effects. The disease is most active during the warm summer months. These compounds, including magnolol and honokiol, have been studied extensively in recent years for their anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant benefits (1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8). Use of this Web site does not create an expressed or implied physician-patient relationship. Walker JM, Maitra A, Walker J, et al. In a 2016 review, magnolia bark was found to improve high blood sugar levels and diabetic complications in animals (15). Avoid keeping the ground around the magnolia constantly moist. The only chemical that can control this disease is a copper fungicide. Our highly-specialized educational programs shape leaders to be at the forefront of cancer care and research. Chest pain or pressure. Shen JL, Man KM, Huang PH, Chen WC, Chen DC, Cheng YW, Liu PL, Chou MC, Chen YH. One type Magnolia officinalis is commonly called the houpo magnolia, or sometimes simply magnolia bark.. Taken together, it is possible that magnolia extract (BL153) attenuates kidney inflammation and oxidative stress via increasing PGC-1 -mediated various antioxidative protein expressions under different conditions. Moisturizer: prevents the loss of skin elasticity and reduces small wrinkles. Boil 3 cups of water in a vessel and add about 2 cups of dry magnolia petals. Clean the wound of dead tissue. Honokiol dimers and magnolol derivatives with new carbon skeletons from the roots of, Yu S-X, Yan R-Y, Liang R-X, Wang W, Yang B. Bioactive polar compounds from stem bark of. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism, often accompanied by oxidative stress. That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with any medications. Additionally, the magnolol appeared to increase the number of times the mice woke up during sleep but decrease the length of time they were awake. Some early case studies of women undergoing weight management treatment reported kidney issues caused due to a preparation containing magnolia bark, however, further analysis revealed possible contamination, adulteration, or use of substandard products as the cause of kidney damage. Additional studies and research is required to establish a relationship between thyroid function and magnolia bark usage if any. Huang HC, Hsieh WY, Niu YL, Chang TM. Data in humans are limited. Since ancient times, herbs have been used as natural remedies for a variety of viral infections. Zhao X, Li F, Sun W, Gao L, Kim KS, Kim KT, Cai L, Zhang Z, Zheng Y. Extracts of Magnolia Species-Induced Prevention of Diabetic Complications: A Brief Review. 2013 Sep 11;4:130. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00130. The present study indicates that BL153 administration may be a novel approach for renoprotection in obese individuals by antiinflammation and anti-oxidative stress most likely via upregulation of PGC-1 and HK II signal in the kidney. A white substance that resembles powder appears on the leaves. Then turn off the gas. It does help relax me and it does seem to relieve the kidney pain. ", Natural Medicines Professional Database: "Magnolia. Statistical significance was considered as P < 0.05. Oxidative stress and subsequent inflammation are one cause of chronic conditions like diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers (9, 10). However, it was unclear whether a renal protective effect would be seen in magnolia extract-treated obese mice. Hexokinase Ii knockdown results in exaggerated cardiac hypertrophy via increased ros production. Identification of, Kuo WL, Chung CY, Hwang TL, Chen JJ. Int J Dent Hyg. Epub 2007 Nov 28. The same study observed that the same dose increased REM (rapid eye movement) and non-REM sleep. In addition, to further explore the possible mechanism, some candidate molecules involved in the renal inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolism regulation were also detected. Magnolia bark can also be toxic and has been linked to kidney disease and permanent kidney failure. More than 250 ingredients can be found in the bark, flowers and leaves of the Magnolia, but two of the main compounds used in dietary supplements are magnolol and honokiol. Urine samples were collected at the end of experiment. Though the use of magnolia bark is common in traditional Chinese medicine, you may wonder what current research says about the tree bark. Its vasorelaxant action and antioxidant properties may contribute to reducing elevated blood pressure. Research on honokiol has found that it can reduce inflammation in the brain and spinal cord specifically, partly due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (14). Characteristic ndings include mild pro-teinuria, proximal tubular dysfunction, sterile pyuria,anaemia out of proportion to the degree of renal failure andsmall smooth kidneys.54Histology shows prominent intersti-tial brosis and tubular atrophy, with little cellular inltrationand mild glomerular damage. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Furthermore, this research concluded that magnolia bark extract has two main components, magnolol and honokiol, responsible for this inhibitory effect against bacteria in the mouth. The study suggests that magnolia bark protects kidneys from oxidative stress, maintains the oxidative capacity of cells, and stabilizes the structure of epithelial cells during cancer treatment. Li Y, Tong X, Rumala C, Clemons K, Wang S. Thrombospondin1 deficiency reduces obesity-associated inflammation and improves insulin sensitivity in a diet-induced obese mouse model. More than 200 types of magnolia trees exist worldwide. In traditional Chinese medicine, magnolia bark is often harvested by being peeled or cut away from the tree. Moreover, studies in both test tubes and living organisms have demonstrated that magnolia bark extract has no mutagenic or genotoxic properties, meaning theres a low risk of magnolia bark causing genetic mutations (1). Male C57/BL6/J mice at 8 weeks of age were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory and housed in the University of Louisville Research Resources Center at 22C with a 12-hour light/dark cycle. summary The bark, leaves, and. As a potential P-glycoprotein inhibitor, constituents of magnolia bark extract may reduce multidrug resistance in cancer cells via P-gp downregulation(42)(43). Honokiol induces autophagy of neuroblastoma cells through activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and endoplasmic reticular stress/ERK1/2 signaling pathways and suppressing cell migration. Magnolias have always been highly sought-after trees in the yard. The leaf may darken or turn brownish green. Taken together, the present study declares that BL153 administration may be a novel approach for renoprotection in obesity individuals. Spray the wound with alcohol; you can even pour some alcohol into the wound. After a while, fluid begins to ooze out of the area where the disease is. FOIA Enhanced Nrf2 activity worsens insulin resistance, impairs lipid accumulation in adipose tissue, and increases hepatic steatosis in leptin-deficient mice. Lo YC, Teng CM, Chen CF, Chen CC, Hong CY. Epub 2007 Oct 20. The bark possesses calming, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. The causative relationship between obesity and proteinuria was first reported in 1974 [1]. Anxiolytic effects of honokiol are attributed to its selective stimulation of GABA-A receptors or its binding to anxiety-related sites(8). PMID: 21311416. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The leaves and flowers from the tree are sometimes used as well. PMID: 3413728. Spray the leaves and petioles with an aqueous solution of copper fungicide. HK II expression was detected by western blot assay. Therapeutic applications of compounds in the Magnolia family. PMID: 22429472; PMCID: PMC3325890. J Ethnopharmacol. However, after treatment with BL153, HK II expression was upregulated in HFD-fed mouse kidney, accompanied by renal oxidative stress alleviation. Still, magnolia bark extract was not the only compound examined in this study. Effect of honokiol on cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme activities in human liver microsomes. Magnolia Bark has been used for over 1,000 years in traditional Chinese Medicine without indications of safety concerns. Control groups were given same volume of ddH2O with 0.05% ethanol. Cracks and growths on the trunk and branches. Here is a closer look at some of the potential benefits of magnolia bark. This article lists 13 foods that have powerful anti-inflammatory effects to help lower chronic inflammation. Therefore, the gavage volume was 1%(mL/g) of mouse body weight (e.g., 25g mouse should be given 250L). Avoid damaging the living part of the tree and use a sharp tool. Magnolia bark may cause kidney failure after long-term use. Several distinct pathways through which insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia lead to renal damage have been reported by overwhelming background studies, such as insulin-like growth factor 1 upregulation [4] and renin-angiotensin system activation [5].
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